Reflecting on the Sarel Marais Homestead

REFLECTING ON THE SAREL MARAIS HOMESTEADWHO PUT IT UP? By the early 1800’s, there were 1000s of Boer husbandmans who had settled on the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony. They became progressively dissatisfied with the British Colonial Government. The Boers were displeased, among other things, with the continual intervention in their personal businesss by the Colonial Government, the on-going foraies on their farms by the Xhosa and the long hold in being granted self-determination ( Britz, 2012 ) . This resulted an organized out-migration of 1000s of Afrikaner frontier husbandmans and their laborers from the Crown Colony of the Cape to the northern and north-eastern sectors of southern Africa order to get away the Imperial subjugation and the accordingly colony of the country North of the Vaal River, subsequently to go the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ( ZAR ) ( Fraser, 1986 ) . Sarel Marais and his household were one the first households who settled in the Transvaal. Sarel bought the western part of the farm Rietvlei where he constructed the household homestead ( Britz, 2012 ) . WHAT WERE THEY CONCERNED ABOUT? When emigres relocate themselves they have three beginnings for their edifice civilization, viz. tradition, invention and adoption. The Voortrekkers, born on African dirt, trekked from the Eastern Cape, an country with a peculiar edifice civilization, into the backwoods occupied by autochthonal pastoralists with their ain traditions. Although the Trekkers maintained trade links with the South, the terrain was rugged and transport hard. They hence resorted in utilizing locally available stuffs wherever possible. This in bend influenced the techniques of building ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) . WHAT MATERIAL FACTORS INFLUENCED IT ( AVAILABILITY/PRESTIGE/ECONOMY ) ? The part of the Rietvlei farm where the Marais’ settled had ample graze, fertile dirt, plentifulness of H2O and an copiousness of game. Sarel constructed the farm house from bricks made from clay that was found locally, on the Bankss of the Bloubosspruit, which is one of basic edifice stuffs Transvaal ( Britz, 2012 ) . The clay was prepared by wetting, kneading, ( where droppings and husk might be added ) and adding limestone. The clay mixture was so moulded and dried to organize clay bricks ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) . The window gaps were constructed with wooden headers and were ab initio covered with a piece of cheesecloth dipped in lubricating oil to maintain out dust and to give a grade of privateness to the occupant. This was a consequence of the unobtainability of glass as it broke on the journey by waggon inland from the seashore. Shutters were subsequently added when the abode became more lasting. The floor made from clay mixed with cow blood with a thin bed of cow droppings to protect it. Such a floor was besides frequently adorned with Prunus persica cavities that were laid in the wet clay is pressed and polished with aloe juice or wax ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) . The roof was thatched which so as now was tied in packages with the grass seeds topmost. Once fixed by sewing with rawhide lashs to the laths beneath, the packages would be beaten parallel to the pitch of the roof with a â€Å"dekspaan† or thatching spade or jostle. This technique has later became prevailing and is known amongst some black people as â€Å" Boer † ( or sometimes â€Å"Afrikaner † ) thatching ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) . The thatch was supported by yellowwood beams and balks. This was an indicant that the Marais’ were comparatively affluent as the yellow had to be ordered and delivered from Cape Town by waggon. WHAT SORT OF DESIGN MERIT YOU THINK IT HAS ( INNOVATION/BEAUTY/UTILITY ) ? What are of import about these colonies is to retrieve that prior to populating in proper â€Å" homes † or â€Å" houses † , the Trekkers lived in ox waggons that truly merely protected their most intimate properties and offered privateness for kiping and none for life indoors. These edifices were stripped of all extravagancy reflecting the innovator settler’s existent demands for shelter and protection ( Meiring, 1985 ) . We should non try to construe the common edifice traditions of the seminomadic and first stage innovator colonist from a modem position. Besides that these persons had a vision of a big home or â€Å" house † and that they pursued this vision every bit shortly as they settled on a piece of land. In many cases it is clear that constructing a â€Å" house † with many suites functioning all or at least the majority of the demands of the household at one time was non a precedence. Needs were served as they arose, depending on the blessing of the male parent or patriarch of the house ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) . WHAT THE IMPORTANT FEATURES DOES THE Building HAVE? What can be farther deducted from the above observations is that to the innovator colonists, â€Å" unfastened infinite † was more of import than â€Å" closed infinite † . Distance between activities and closed infinites were more of import than constellating and the economic linking of infinites. These spacial constructs lie at the bosom of the early common architecture in rural Transvaal ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) . WHAT OTHER BUILDINGS AND SYSTEMS IT RELATES TO? In the Transvaal land term of office was to follow the same system of issue as in the Cape. Every original Trekker of 16 old ages of age and older could choose a vacant piece of land and petition that it be surveyed and registered in his name. A fixed quitrent was so paid on every farm ( Fraser, 1986 ) . Prior to 1852 fledglings to the part were entitled to two farms: one either residential or harvest farm and the other a bushveld farm for winter graze. Surveying of farming area besides followed the tested and trusted old Cape system. A horseback drive of halt-an-hour would be taken at a walk from a cardinal point ( normally a perennial H2O beginning where the farmstead would be located ) in each of the four central waies. Such a farm was non to transcend 3000 morgen* although larger farms could buy extra land ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) . * A South African unit of country ( now archaic in the Nederlands ) , equal to approximately two estates or 0.8 hectare. From the Dutch morgen ( forenoon ) therefore the land which could be ploughed by a span of cattle in a forenoon ( Fisher, et al. , 1998 ) WHAT SORT OF CONDITION IT IS IN TODAY? The homestead’s ruins can be found in the southern portion of Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve.BibliographyBritz, R. , 2012.Klipriviersberg Nature Reserve Assosiation.[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.klipriviersberg.org.za/index.php/history-overview/sarel-marais-story [ Accessed 14 March 2014 ] . Fisher, R. , lupus erythematosus Roux, S. & A ; Mare , E. , 1998.Architecture of the Transvaal.Capital of south africas: UNISA. Fraser, M. , 1986.Johannesburg Pioneer Journals 1888-1909.Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society. Giliomee, H. , 2003.The Afrikaners: Biography of a People.Cape Town: Tafleburg Publishers Limited. Meiring, H. , 1985.Early Johannesburg ; Its Buildings and its Peoples.Cape Town: Human & A ; Rousseau. Montgomery, C. , 2013.Heritage Treasures of the South.[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.heritageportal.co.za/article/heritage-treasures-south [ Accessed 15 March 2014 ] .

Thorn Queen Chapter Four

We left as soon as etiquette said we could. I tried using Shaya's argument about eccentric queens doing whatever they wanted, but it didn't work on her. She said if we didn't stay a certain amount of time, I'd appear intimidated by Maiwenn. So, we stuck around a bit longer than I liked before finally making formal farewells to the others. Kiyo was preoccupied with a group of well-wishers, but he looked up at my departure and smiled. He mouthed the word soon. My group rode back in a subdued mood. The urgency was gone, and I think my glum attitude threw a cloud over everyone. Seeing Maiwenn and Kiyo had bothered me more than I liked to admit, and Dorian†¦well, that was another story. For now, I wanted nothing more than to cross over to my own world, throw on pajamas, and watch mindless TV. Possibly while eating ice cream. And as our journey continued, ice cream sounded more and more appealing once we crossed back into the Thorn Land. The sun was sinking, but heat still radiated off the sand and rocks. It wouldn't dissipate for another couple hours, and even at midnight, the temperature probably wouldn't drop below seventy. I'd changed back to my shorts and sunglasses before leaving Maiwenn's, so again, the heat didn't bother me as much as it did the others. Dorian had claimed my sundress would catch on as a fashion trend; I wondered if shorts would as well. â€Å"There's a village ahead,† murmured Rurik. I snapped out of my daydreams and followed his gesture. Sure enough, a small cluster of buildings darkened the horizon. Like my castle, it was something more suited to a medieval British landscape than the desert. Considering how infrequently I visited my kingdom, this was the first settlement I'd seen outside of the castle. It unnerved me a little, my discomfort growing when I saw that our road went straight through the town. Damned twisting Otherworld. This village hadn't been here on our earlier trip. And for that reason, I knew better than to suggest we go around it. With the way this world worked, a slight deviation could toss us into the Rowan Land or add hours onto our trip. Steeling myself, I tightened my grip on the reins, deciding that this place looked small and wouldn't take long to clear. When we entered its outskirts, though, I discovered something that made me lose my resolve. The road was lined with people. It was like everyone in the town had come out to see us pass through. They stood along the sides, staring at my party and again looking like extras from some medieval movie. Except, it must have been a low-budget movie. The people's clothes were ragged and dirty, their faces gaunt. Everyone seemed too skinny, even the children and babies held in parental arms. My unease grew as we rode deeper into the heart of the village. I hated crowds and having eyes upon me. There was something discomfiting about this particular group. Their expressions were either completely blank or†¦well, terrified. Everything was dead silent. â€Å"What are they scared of?† I whispered to Rurik. He gave me an amused glance. â€Å"You, of course.† â€Å"Me?† I squeaked. Glancing at my attire, I tried to imagine how out of place I looked here. Was my foreignness that frightening? â€Å"You're their queen. Everyone knows how you slaughtered Aeson-and that isn't a particularly heartwarming tale. Likewise, Storm King's legacy of terror lives on after all these years. You've inherited it.† â€Å"So, what, they see me as some kind of tyrant?† He shrugged. â€Å"You're their queen,† he repeated, as though that explained everything. I'd never wanted to be queen. I certainly didn't want to be seen as some kind of despot queen either. I didn't want these eyes upon me, these eyes that all seemed to be filled with apathy, judgment, and a kind of weary defeat. I breathed a sigh of relief when we reached what looked to be the halfway point. All of a sudden, a man stepped in front of us, bringing us to a halt. He was an older gentry, tall and gray-haired. He was skinny and clothed only a little better than the rest, though there was an air of dignity and authority that made him stand out. When he saw he had our attention, he swept me a bow so low, his face nearly touched the dusty road. â€Å"To Eugenie, great queen of the Thorn Land, I offer the most humble greetings of your servant, Davros.† At least, that's what I think he said. He was bent so low that his words came out muffled. I glanced uneasily at the others in my group, unsure what to do. They all remained silent and looked at me expectantly. Oh, sure. They were full of advice back at Maiwenn's, but when it came to peasants groveling in the road? That was apparently all me. â€Å"Please, um, stand up,† I managed at last. â€Å"Um, Davros.† He rose, clasping his hands in front of him, looking totally overwhelmed that I'd used his name. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty. I am the mayor of this village. Words cannot express what an honor it is to have you among us.† Considering what Rurik had just told me about my reputation here, I wasn't entirely sure I believed Davros' words. I forced a smile. â€Å"Thanks. We're just passing through on our way back to the castle.† Davros spread his hands wide. â€Å"I hope, then, that you'll consider resting and taking a brief refreshment in my home.† â€Å"Oh, well, that's really nice, but-â€Å" Shaya cleared her throat loudly. I glanced over at her. She gave me a pointed look that gave no question to what she wanted me to do. Grimacing, I glanced back down at poor, groveling Davros. Damn. I wanted nothing more than to get out of the Otherworld right now. I didn't want to stop for teatime. My expression must have looked scary because Davros blanched and lowered his head meekly. I sighed. â€Å"We'd love to.† Mayor or not, Davros didn't have a very big house. Only Shaya, Rurik, and I joined him inside, while the rest of my party milled around outdoors. From the village, Davros had invited a few other important officials, as well as his wife and two grown sons. We sat at a round oak table while his wife served us red wine and something that reminded me of baklava. I sipped only a little of the wine, not wanting to risk dehydration in this weather. I wasn't much better at making conversation here than at Maiwenn's, but fortunately, there was no need for me to do anything. Davros and his associates kept the talking going, most of the conversation centering on how glad they were that I had come by, what an honor it was to meet me, how they hoped I'd call on them if I needed anything, et cetera, et cetera. Which was why it was a bit shocking when Davros' wife suddenly asked, â€Å"But if you would, your majesty, please tell us what it is we've done to displease you. We'll do anything at all to make amends and gain your favor once more. Anything.† I almost choked on the honey cake. â€Å"What do you mean†¦displease me?† The villagers exchanged glances. â€Å"Well†¦,† said Davros at last. â€Å"There must be something. You've placed a blight on the land, stripping us of our water and food. Surely we've done something to warrant your most righteous displeasure.† â€Å"You need only let us know what it is,† piped in someone else. â€Å"We will do anything you require to lift this curse from us.† This was the most astonishing thing to happen to me all day-which was saying something. I looked at Shaya and Rurik for help, having no clue how to respond to this. For a moment, I thought they would once again make me fend for myself, until Shaya finally spoke. â€Å"The residents had built their lives around the shape of the land when Aeson ruled it, when it was the Alder Land. When it transformed itself to you, their old ways no longer worked. Their crops don't grow in this weather. The wells have run dry.† I stared at her in shock. Never, never had this occurred to me-but then, it wasn't like I'd spent a whole lot of time thinking about the Thorn Land. Most of my energy had been spent on figuring out how to avoid it. Studying Shaya, I wondered how long she'd known about this. I somehow doubted there was much that went on around here that she didn't know about. From the looks of Rurik's averted gaze, it appeared as though he'd known about this problem as well. Both knew how upset I got when forced to deal with any sort of queenly issues. So both had spared me the details while these people suffered. I turned back to Davros. â€Å"It's not a curse†¦it's, I don't know, it's just the way the land is. The way I wanted it to be.† Astonished looks met me, and I could only imagine what a freak I sounded like. When Aeson had ruled, this land had been green and lush, filled with forests and fertile farmland. Who in their right mind would turn it into a desert? Davros confirmed as much. â€Å"But this land†¦this land is impossible to survive in,† he said. â€Å"Not where I come from,† I told him. â€Å"This is like the land I grew up in. People live and flourish there.† People also had modern ways of bringing in water and shopping for whatever other stuff they might need. And that wasn't even taking air-conditioning into account. â€Å"How?† he asked. I didn't know how to readily answer. I didn't really understand the intimate details of my world's infrastructure. I turned a faucet and water came out. I went to the grocery store and bought milk and Pop-Tarts. Desperately, I racked my brain and tried to pull out elementary school lessons about Arizona's history. â€Å"Irrigation,† I said lamely. â€Å"Squash, I think. And, um, corn.† Had the natives grown corn? Or was I getting confused by stereotypes? Shit. I was so ignorant. The only thing I felt confident of was that Pop-Tarts were not cultivated natively in Arizona. The looks the others gave me told me I wasn't helping this situation any. I glanced at Shaya and Rurik, but this time, no help came. The full weight of what I'd done started to sink in. Maybe I hadn't wanted this land. Maybe I hadn't intentionally turned it into a mirror of wild Tucson. The point was: it was done. The Thorn Land was as it was, and taking in these ragged and starving people, I realized it was all my fault. Only, I had no clue how to fix it. I was too much a product of modern innovation. There was nothing I could do. Scratch that. There was one thing I could do. I abruptly stood from the table, catching everyone by surprise. As custom dictated, they all hastily scrambled and rose as well. Without explaining myself, I headed outside, back out into the village. Behind me, I could hear Davros babbling something, apparently thinking they'd again caused offense. They probably thought I was about to send lightning bolts from the sky. As it was, that might not have been a bad idea-if I actually had that power. These people could certainly use rain. But one rainstorm wouldn't fix things, and I could hardly do it day after day. Instead, I walked out to the middle of the street and came to a halt. My guards straightened up, awaiting my orders, and other residents stopped to see what was happening. Those from Davros' gathering soon poured out of the house and joined everyone else. I closed my eyes, opening myself to the world around me. I smelled the clean, fresh scent of the desert and the faint, faint breeze blowing through it. The setting sun warmed my skin. Then, I pushed deeper, reaching out to that which the magic within me instinctively bonded to. I felt the minuscule water vapor in the air, but that wasn't what I wanted. I had to go further. I sent my magical senses into the ground, seeking water throughout the village. None. I remembered what Shaya had said about wells drying up, which meant the surface wasn't going to yield anything. That meant I'd have to go deeper still. There. Back in the direction we'd entered town, I felt a hit. I opened my eyes and strode toward it, the water calling to me. I was vaguely aware of a crowd following me, but I paid them no attention. Only the water was my goal. When I reached the spot, I found that it was just on the town's outer edge. A mesquite tree grew nearby, which should have been a tip-off. They had deep feelers that penetrated the earth in search of moisture. I too sent my power into the ground, trying to summon the water up. There was a lot of dirt between me and it, and I realized it wouldn't do these people any good in the long term to just suck it to the surface right now. I turned around and found Davros right behind me, face anxious. I pointed to the ground. â€Å"You guys need to dig here. Right now. There's water here.† He stared at me, mouth agape. A moment later, he snapped out of it and turned to those nearest him. â€Å"You heard the queen! Fetch shovels immediately. And find anyone who can work with the earth.† Earth magic. A smart idea. Gentry didn't have bulldozers or drills, but they did have people who could throw around huge piles of dirt, which was pretty sweet for this kind of thing. Dorian-who was probably the strongest earth user in the Otherworld-could cause earthquakes and level buildings. In minutes, a group had assembled. I tried to take a shovel and help, but that nearly caused Shaya and Davros to have a heart attack. Queens didn't do that kind of work. Instead, I stepped back, watching as the other villagers used magic and manual labor to dig where I'd indicated. When the hole grew too deep for shovels, the village's two earth-magic users took over. Even combined, they were nowhere near Dorian in strength, but they definitely sped the process along, kicking up towers of dirt along the sides. Finally, I heard a great cheer. Everyone else and I crowded to the hole's sides, peering down. It was deep in the ground, but muddy water was slowly filling up the bottom. I looked at Davros. â€Å"Can you guys turn this into a well?† I certainly hoped so because I sure as hell had no idea how to do it. I imagined it involved stones and a bucket, but maybe that was just my naà ¯ve fairy-tale images. His head bobbed eagerly. â€Å"Yes, yes, your majesty. Thank you, your majesty.† After that, it was nearly impossible to leave. I was regarded as a miracle worker. I was no longer the tyrant queen. I was their savior, the generous and wonderful monarch who had brought life to their land. I declined their pleas to stay and celebrate but told them I'd be back with other ways to save their town. Admittedly, I had no idea what that would entail, but mentioning such a minor detail would have seriously brought down everyone's mood. When we were finally mounted up and able to head out, I suddenly felt a tug on my shoe. Surprised, I looked down and saw a middle-aged man gazing up at me. A similarly aged woman stood close beside him. â€Å"How dare you touch the queen!† gasped Davros. From his face, it looked like he was seriously afraid I might level the town. I waved him off. â€Å"It's okay.† The man who'd pulled my leg regarded me pleadingly. â€Å"Please, your majesty. My wife and I have a boon to ask of you!† â€Å"That's a favor or a request,† said Rurik helpfully. â€Å"I know what a boon is,† I snapped. I looked back down at the couple, unwilling to make any promises yet. â€Å"What is it?† The man put his arm around the woman. â€Å"We've heard that you're both a great warrior and a great magic user.† â€Å"And clearly kind and compassionate,† added his wife. â€Å"And?† I asked. â€Å"And very beautiful and-â€Å" â€Å"No,† I exclaimed. â€Å"I mean, what's your boon?† â€Å"Our daughter has been taken,† the woman said, eyes filling with tears. â€Å"We beg you to help us get her back.† â€Å"Whoa. That might be a little beyond my reach,† I told them. â€Å"When you say taken, do you mean, like, kidnapped?† They both nodded, and I was swept by a strange sense of deja vu. I'd first stumbled into this Otherworldly mess when I'd been hired in the human world to also find a missing girl. The girl had turned out to be Jasmine, though I'd had no clue at the time that she was half-gentry, let alone my sister. Was my life destined to be filled with missing girls? Davros stepped forward, looking upset and embarrassed. â€Å"Your majesty, please ignore them for troubling you with something so meaningless. Their daughter was not taken by anyone. She ran off to Highmore with her lover from a neighboring village.† I glanced at Shaya and Rurik. â€Å"What's Highmore?† â€Å"Really?† asked Rurik dryly. â€Å"I thought you already knew everything.† I glared at him. â€Å"It's a city,† said Shaya. â€Å"The largest in this kingdom.† â€Å"Wait, what? I have cities?† I asked, feeling my eyes go wide. The distraught couple interrupted my new revelation. â€Å"Davros is wrong,† the woman said. â€Å"Our daughter did not run off. She was taken by the bandits who live in the passes.† â€Å"Everyone knows they're there,† added the man. He eyed Davros. â€Å"Them and their beasts. Even you won't deny their existence. They've been there for years, and she isn't the first girl to disappear.† I turned to Davros. â€Å"Is that true?† He shifted uncomfortably under my gaze. â€Å"Well, yes, your majesty, but such brigands are nothing you need to concern yourself about, just as King Aeson did not.† â€Å"Wait. Aeson knew there were bandits going after you guys and didn't do anything?† â€Å"Such petty concerns were beneath him,† said Davros. To my astonishment, he seemed to believe that. â€Å"I don't know,† I said slowly. â€Å"If a monarch doesn't take care of that kind of thing, I'm not really sure what they're supposed to do.† Truthfully, I didn't want to deal with this any more than I wanted any other Thorn Land responsibilities. But the mention of Aeson had stirred my blood. Aeson had been a self-serving asshole, and it pissed me off that he would have left these people to fend for themselves. The only thing I wanted less than to be a ruler was to be a ruler like him. Furthermore, the same fury that Jasmine's abduction had stirred in me flared up. Maybe it was my own experience with always being chased down by aggressive men, but I hated the thought of any girl facing rape or abduction. It didn't matter that these were gentry girls and not humans. The principle was the same. Brigands and thieves taking advantage of young girls, of preying on those weaker, had to be stopped. â€Å"I'll send people to take care of these bandits,† I said finally. Behind me, Rurik made a strange sound. â€Å"But I can't make any guarantees about your daughter.† The couple's faces lit up, and they fell to the ground in gratitude. â€Å"Thank you, your majesty!† the woman cried. Her husband chimed in. â€Å"Truly you are generous and magnanimous and-â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, okay, there's no need for that,† I said hastily. â€Å"Or to kneel. You're going to get all dirty.† We had just started to ride away when Shaya leaned toward me. â€Å"You've made a lot of promises today.† I thought about it. She was right. I'd promised to help them get food, rebuild their infrastructure, and rid themselves of those who preyed upon them. â€Å"Yeah. I guess I did.† She gave me a bemused look. â€Å"And how are you going to accomplish all of this?† I glanced around us, noting that the faces watching us leave town were no longer blank and afraid. They were grateful and adoring. I sighed. â€Å"That,† I told her, â€Å"is an excellent question.†

The Doctrine Of Pre Established Harmony - 1497 Words

Causation was a very important topic of philosophical reflection during the 17th century. This reflection centered and focused around certain particular causation problems. Among those problems was the problem between the mind and the body. The doctrine of Pre-established Harmony, is Leibniz’s response to the problem of causation between mind and body. To begin with, Leibniz in his proposition rejected Descartes 3rd proposition about â€Å"mind and body casually interacting† as for him the mind does not act upon the body and the body does not act upon the mind. Leibniz feels that that no finite substance, created substance acts upon another. Therefore, he denies any causation among finite or created substances. He even claimed the following, â€Å"There is also no way of explaining how a monad can be altered or changed internally by some other creature (†¦) The monads have no windows through which something can enter or leave. 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For some the neutrality of the state is for the maintenance of security, for others it is for the maintenance of social cohesion and harmony (concerning areas like faith, ethics, and lifestyle) and for some the neutrality of state apparatus is even a means of protection of interests and possibly oppression of the masses. [enforcement of social contracts, police state, legitimacy proportionalRead MoreThe Status Of Women : Ancient China1508 Words   |  7 Pages Confucius created the doctrine that 300 years after his death became a permanent impulse of social life in China, established rules of behaviour not only in the state, but also the family as a social unit.1 Confucian worshiping of ancestors and norms â€Å"Xiao† stimulated the blooming of the family and clan cult.2 Because of these major tendencies, family was considered the core of the Chinese 1 Robin Wang, Images of Women in Chinese Thought and Culture: Writings from the Pre-Qin Period through the

Rise and Fall of the Jamestown Colony Essay - 2347 Words

Rise and Fall of the Jamestown Colony The English settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, was founded on May 14, 1607 by Captain Christopher Newport and his fleet of a hundred or so Englishmen. During the next nine decades, this settlement would begin as a verie fit place for the erecting of a great cittie(Tyler, 33), and develop into nothing but Abundance of Brick Rubbish, and three or four good inhabited houses(Miers, 107). Two major factors led to the gradual decay and destruction of Jamestown: (1) The profit-before-survival attitude of the English settlers, and (2) the persistence of the Indians of the area to drive the English from their native lands. On the 26th day of April, 1607, three small ships - Susan Constant,†¦show more content†¦Once the English colonists decided on a site for their settlement they quickly set to work, as Thomas Abby tells us, Now falleth every man to worke, the Councell contrive the Fort, the rest cut downe trees to make place to pitch their Tents; some provide clapboard to relade the ships, some make gardens, some nets, c. The Salvages often visited us kindly(Tyler, 123). The Salvages Abby speaks of, were most likely members of one of the Algonquian tribes which occupied the country near Jamestown. These tribes inhabited the land in Virginia east of a line running from Washington, D.C., through Fredericksburg, Richmond, Petersburg, and then turning southeast along the Blackwater River and extending into coastal North Carolina as far as the Neuse River. They also inhabited the two counties Accomak and Northampton in the present Eastern Shore, Virginia. The Algonquians pushed down into Virginia from the north centuries before the coming of the English. Shortly before the English colony was established at Jamestown in 1607, chief Powhatan had brought under his control by conquest most of the Algonquian tribes in the tidewater country. This confederacy was held together by his despotic power. John Smith names twenty-eight tribesShow MoreRelatedHistorical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority1182 Words   |  5 Pagesplayed a major part in the rise and fall of power structure and governance in the world. Societies have been overtaken, ruled, risen, and fallen. Wars have been fought for the power of one society, faction, or government to rule another. Non violent revolutions have enacted changes in power as well, making significant changes in power structures. In 1604, King James I gave a land grant to a group of entrepreneurs known as The Virginia Company to establish a colony in North America in the ChesapeakeRead MoreHistory Of Tobacco During The Colonial Period1505 Words   |  7 PagesAugust 2015 Short Answers 2. (a). Tobacco, as it relates to the early colonial period, was a fundamental cash crop for the southern colonies. It was first discovered by Europeans after Columbus’s first return from the West Indies, and by the early 17th century, tobacco from the Spanish colonies was widely used throughout Europe. John Rolfe, a Jamestown planter, experimented and produced high quality tobacco which quickly spread throughout the Chesapeake Bay. As there was great demand forRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Indigenous Native Peoples1325 Words   |  6 Pagesgoods he returned home. In the 1500s Spanish exploration led by conquistadors who led to the discovery of what would become known as the Powhatan Indians after they found and kidnapped a young Algonquian boy. In 1607, the English founded the colony of Jamestown in Virgina, just ten miles from the Powhatan capital of Werowocomoco. The Powhatans were later forced to move their capital up the Chickahominy River to Orapax to create distance between the Powhatans and the English settlers. The history betweenRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The Declaration Of Independence3767 Words   |  16 PagesLiberty, Bill of Rights, The Declaration of Independence, The war of 1812, Abraham Lincoln, Eli Whitney, Jamestown, Baron Von Steuben, and Benjamin Franklin because I believe these people and events had a big effect on America. I chose the Louisiana Purchase because it was a major deal that in the end h as given us 15 states. The sons of liberty were a rebel group that was a symbol of the colonies saying we had enough. The Bill of Rights allows us rights so we aren t abused by the government. The DeclarationRead MoreChesapeak Bay and Jamestown675 Words   |  3 Pagesreasons are all the same. How each society and culture interacts with its environment dictates its development and growth. There is no more evident an example of this than the Chesapeake Bay area, pre, mid, and post colonization, using the colony of Jamestown as an model for contact interactions between two distinct cultures, and how these relations can be dictated by the environment. In the period termed pre-contact the indigenous peoples living in the Chesapeake Bay region were known collectivelyRead MoreEssay on Political Transitions in America2833 Words   |  12 Pagestheir political ideas. Political transitions have occurred throughout the beginning of the settlement of the new world from the British colonies to the first president with a central government then the secession of the south and Civil War until Richard Nixon and the Watergate Scandal. The English colonies were the starting basis of the new world. Jamestown, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania all had their own ways of governing their people. Jamestown’s first political structure was the House ofRead MoreLife in Colonial America Essay2130 Words   |  9 Pagesvillage could consist of a meetinghouse, land and multiple family homes that support the whole group or a â€Å"city on the hill† (Brinkley, 2010, p. 76), (Reich, 2011, p. 72). The social unit, whom was tightly knit in the early years of the Massachusetts colony, began to strain and many challenges arose as time passed affected this social structure, mainly the increasing commercialism of the surrounding New England society (Nash, 2010, p. 73). In addition to this the population growth that could not beRead MoreReligion in America, 1492-17902224 Words   |  9 Pagesreligions blossomed on the American shores of the Atlantic, a basic structure held for most of them, being predominantly derived from Puritanism. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, showed the link the new settlers had to God when Sir Thomas Dale said the following in 1610: Be not dismayed at all For scandall cannot doe us wrong, God will not let us fall. Let England knowe our willingnesse, For that our work is good; Wee hope to plant a nation Where none before hath stood. (Morison, pg. 89)Read MoreAmerica s Traditions And Customs2010 Words   |  9 Pagesour cuisine is the Native American Indians. The earliest settlers in Jamestown, Virginia and Plymouth, Massachusetts relied on the American Indians with their way of preparing and cooking food. The three main crops that the American Indians used were corn, beans, and squash. The Native American Indians generously shared and taught their way of life and how they made their food to the settlers. Throughout the forming of the colonies there were many different cultures and eating habits. There were huntersRead MoreThe South As Defined By The Crops Grown Within The Plantation System3011 Words   |  13 Pagesas opposed to subsistence crops, are specialized crops that are grown to be sold for profits and not used for personal use on the plantations. Plantation owners had no trouble transporting their crops because of the many waterways in the Southern colonies that made it made it easy for ocean-going ships to tie up at plantation docks. A plantation is defined as a large piece of land (or water) usually in a tropical or semitropical area where one crop is intentionally planted for widespread commercial

How to Choose Abstract Essay Topics

How to Choose Abstract Essay Topics New Ideas Into Abstract Essay Topics Never Before Revealed There is really a third type of abstract critical. The very first point to remember is that your abstract doesn't require a particular flow. An abstract isn't a review, nor does this evaluate the work being abstracted. The shortage of understanding of the protests was not a consequence of scarce media attention. Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Somebody works part-time and doesn't have sufficient time to do all of the assignments. Academic papers can't contain any signals of plagiarism. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. While in most situations it's much better to briefly summarize the outcomes of the research, occasionally it's not possible to summarize the info in just a few sentences. As an example, students will in the net where the plutonium is not ever a complete variety of plasticity also implies that everything sounds o.K .. In particular, they will have to write all sorts of new academic assignments, and follow some totally new formatting requirements. You might also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. A great abstract will tell you exactly what the crucial issue that's addressed is, it's going provide you a good idea of the methods which were used and the conclusions that were arrived at. When it has to do with research abstract examples, the issue can be somewhat tricky. A better alternative is to read the abstract. Embedded system designers might be interested in my blog. Abstracting and indexing services for assorted academic disciplines are directed at compiling a body of literature for that specific subject. How to Get Started with Abstract Essay Topics? Many abstracts are informative. They allow readers who may be interested in a longer work to quickly decide whether it is worth their time to read it. A standard mistake regarding abstracts is writing them the exact same way that you would write the remainder of a research paper. If your grasp of language isn't richly idiomatic, writing abstracts or any other sort of essay can be hard. Generally, you'll need to simplify your wording. Abstract essay samples are usually short, written in about a couple of paragraphs. Descriptive abstracts are normally quite short100 words or less. Familiar essay writing is a trying undertaking which is why lots of students don't submit a great version of it. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. It's well worth noting that the kind of abstract a student writes strongly depends on the type of paper. If you are searching for descriptive essay examples here's a great one below. After reading the abstract, you may make an educated judgment about whether the dissertation would be worth it to read. A descriptive essay is a kind of essay which aims at assisting you to illustrate something to your reader in a manner they can see, feel, or hear what it is you're discussing. An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing.

Competitive Implications of the Proposed

Question: Brief the policy and tell what are the problems and gives few solutions for Competitive Implications of the Proposed? Answer: It is very difficult to explain privacy. It has been defined by Jorge Luis Borges, Everything and Nothing, a gifted playwright creates breathtaking works of literature, populated with an unforgettable legion of characters, one after the other imbued with a unique, unforgettable personality. Still this definition is not clear and defines itself in different situations. Lillian BeVier writes: Privacy is a chameleon-like word, used denotatively to designate a wide range of wildly disparate interestsfrom confidentiality of personal information to reproductive autonomyand connotatively to generate goodwill on behalf of whatever interest is being asserted in its name. Still there is a clear meaning known to everyone of what privacy means i.e. when our personal information is being used without our prior consent. In the 9/11 Commission Report. It was recommended that the government agencies should not get involved in sharing the information with other of its agencies or with private parties. They should ensure that the privacy of an individual whose information is being shared is duly safeguarded. The following examples would state the problem of intrusion in the privacy of an individual: A paper stories the name of a rape casualty. Journalists dishonestly get access to an individuals residence and covertly photograph and make a tape of the individual. There are certain newly developed X-ray devices that can see through individuals dress, which leads to a virtual strip-search. A rgime practices a thermal sensor instrument to find the heat arrays in an individuals residence. A business house sells a list of five million elderly incontinent women. Even though the company has promised that an individuals personal information shall not be disclosed, it violates it and does contrary. All these violations are of different nature and many a times the law of the country is blamed for not maintaining the privacy of its individuals. As the concept of privacy is too vague the law fails to recognize the problem and help in settlement, decision making or framing of any law becomes even more problematic. There are four types of injurious actions remedied under the heading of privacy: Interruption in the plaintiffs privacy or isolation, or into his personal matters. Open revelation of uncomfortable secluded truths about the plaintiff. Promotion which makes the plaintiff in a position of wrong image in front of the public at large. Seizure, for the benefit of the defendant, of the plaintiffs title or resemblance (Solovo D.2006). Another area where intrusion of privacy has been violated is through the introduction of computers and the Internet. Many hours of our day we spent on the computer surfing and working. The law breakers use various electronic devices and network servers to commit crimes. For example hacking into someones system and retrieving their data, sending threatening e mails or using it for circulating banned information (Bailie M.). In todays 21st century the most used website globally is Facebook. Facebook demands great need for application of privacy policy. Though it has the feature of connecting people it is also constitute threat for getting into someones privacy or duping someone (Semitsu J., 2011). The first solution to privacy is liberty. Liberty guards the individual from unjustified control and interruptions into their home or other reserved spaces. This is not just limited to homes but also covers areas outside their residence where they have the right to claim privacy (Solovo D.2006). Second is the law makers and prosecuting attorneys should be capable enough to understand as to how the electronic proof can be generated from the devices. Electronic accounts such as computer network logs, email, word processing files, and image files all the time more deliver the administration with significant proof in criminal circumstances. The two sources for the law to get electronic evidence in criminal cases are: the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the three statutes of the statutory privacy laws codified at 18 U.S.C. (Bailie M.) . The third is that the SCA should be altered so as to necessitate any bound release of electronic material, comprising all matters on Facebook to have full warrant defense. For initiating this the government will have to state the likely cause to a neutral magistrate. Before this initiation the ECPA should see that a proper notice is delivered to the user stating the privacy law and that he has gone against the law. An opportunity of being heard shall be given. There are various changes which the government should bring about. First, there is a requirement to revise the Stored Communications Act in order to make everyone certain that any matter uploaded on the internet shall be covered under the Act. Even if the company is at fault then all the data shall be seized and not be used for any further purpose. Second, the SCA must be revised to necessitate the government to get Section 2703(d) order for entire remote computing services. Judicial supervision by the government shall be requi red at all levels. Third, there should also be a provision for a court order on all companies which are not under the government that use electronic communication. The voluntary disclosure doctrine shall compel the companies to reveal data to the government. Without this judicial oversight, the voluntary disclosure doctrine would allow private entities to easily compel such production and hand it over to the government. Fourth, there should be an exclusion clause where violation to above requirements shall be put under criminal law. Fifth, there should be safeguard to protect baseless interruptions of privacy on the Internet. Sixth, the government should order encryption for those government and non-government bodies that communicate subtle or private information through the Internet. For this the government will have to make investment in more up to date encryption technology and other cyber-security methods to confirm the maximum protection of subtle and private matter diffused th rough the Internet. Application of such measures will help to lower down the crime rate and cyber terrorism in the nation (Semitsu J., 2011). References: Solove D., (2006). A taxonomy on privacy, University of Pennsylvania Law . Article No. 3. Vol. 154. Bailie M., Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section Criminal Division. Published by Office of Legal Education Executive Office for United States Attorneys. United States. Semitsu J. (2011). From Facebook to Mug Shot: How the Dearth of Social Networking Privacy Rights Revolutionized Online Government Surveillance. University of San Diego School of Law. Vol 31.

Womanism or Black Feminism free essay sample

Black women started to speak up in 1970s and during the 1980s and 1990s black womanhood started to be an important point of debates and since then African American women? s thoughts and ideas are a very significant part of literature. Gender studies are taught at universities and black women writers are known of. Their books are studied and researches done. They took a long and hard journey from slavery until today and it was not easy. Despite all disadvantages, critiques, obstacles and problems, they managed to get a word in the world which had only three categories: White men, White women and Black men. In this essay I would like to deal with two terms which are topical in current debates: Womanism and Black Feminism. Womanism is described in the first paragraph, Black feminism in the second followed by the conclusion. First I will focus on Alice Walker? s multiple definitions of â€Å"womanismâ€Å" in In Search of Our Mother? s Gardens. We will write a custom essay sample on Womanism or Black Feminism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She offers several meanings. She sees the term as rooted in history which was full of racial and gender oppression. â€Å"You acting womanishâ€Å" taken from the black folk tradition meant that the girls acted in outrageous, courageous and willful ways – it freed them from conventions. They behaved like white women could not, they wanted to know more than was good for them. To understand what she means we have to know that the history of black women and white women is different. Not only as a history of events but history of language. The conventions for black women were different, they were supposed to behave differently and the society took them less serious. But Alice Walker in her definition says that â€Å"womanishâ€Å" is also being serious, grown up, responsible – which is an opposite to white understanding of black women. Walker somehow implies that black women are superior to white women because of black folk tradition. Also Walker? s much cited phrase â€Å"womanist is to feminist as purple to lavenderâ€Å" black women are womanists and white women are only feminists. Then, we have to think about the colours purple and lavender. According to my opinion purple is almost red, full, and shining with energy. It is a colour darker, more lovely, and richer than lavender. Lavender is pale, poorer, and relaxing. It is an opposite to purple, yet there is a similarity. Both are connected to violet as violet would be something which connects them. I would say that this something could be a metaphor to humanity. They are different but both human, different race but still human. Walker also presents a visionary meaning for womanism. As part of her second definition, Walker has a girl asking a question â€Å"Mama why are we brown, pink and yellow, and our cousins are white, beige, and black? â€Å" The response is â€Å"Well, you know the colored race is just like a flower garden, with every color flower represented. â€Å" It criticizes the colorism within African American communities and broadens the notion of humanity to make all people people of color. Women and men coexist in the same garden but retaining their cultural distinctiveness. Womanism provides a space for Black women and women of color to create a dialogue in a non threatening environment. According to Katie Cannon, womanism is always in the making – it is not a closed fixed system of ideas but one that continually evolves through its rejection of all forms of oppression and commitment to social justice. Another definition concerns wholeness â€Å"A woman is committed to survival and wholeness of entire people, male and female,â€Å" which proposes that males are not the enemy whereas in feminism they are. Walker also sees womanist as a woman who loves other women, which implies that womanists could be lesbians but it remains unacknowledged in the work of African American writers (Collins 10). Secondly I would like to comment on feminism and Black feminism. According to Pearl Cleage, feminism is the belief that women are full human beings capable of participation and leadership in the full range of human activities. I think that for white women and also black women, it already works. Well, almost. Because there are still women who are not equal to men, their salaries are lower, they are supposed to work and also take care of the family but on the other hand, there are lot of women who work as managers and on the top-list positions or they are prosperous businesswomen. There are female presidents and governon generals, white and black. For example, Park Geun-hye from the South Korea, Joyce Banda from Malawi, Slavica Dukic Dejanovic from Serbia, Dilma Rousseff from Brazil, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner from Argentina and others. I was really impressed how many white and also black women occupy high positions in the politics because in the Czech republic, there are not many of them. Even now in the twenty-first century I would find it rare to have a female president. But there is going to be time in the future when it will be normal, I hope. Then I would like to comment on Black Feminism. It is the acknowledgement that women of color have been oppressed by sexism and racism, that there was a failure to recognize and address these issues in the Feminist Movement and the Black Liberation Movement, and that women of color have their own agenda that neither movement can take on. Black Feminism focuses on the experiences, needs, and desires of women of color (Aldridge 193). In establishing why Black Feminism is relevant, it must be established that women of color have been thrice victimized: by racism, sexism and economic exploitation. These three oppressive forces affect women of color simultaneously and equally relentlessly (Gordon 166). The goal of Black Feminism is to create a criterion by which women of color can assess their realities, both in thought and in action (Hudson-Weems 210). Black women have long struggled with the exclusionary white feminism and challenged the racism within feminist organization. The specific issues worked on in the Black Feminist Movement, according to Barbara Smith, were/are: reproductive rights, sterilization abuse, equal access to abortion, health care, child care, the rights of the disabled, violence against women, rape, battering, sexual harassment, welfare rights, lesbian and gay rights, aging, police brutality, labor organizing, anti-imperialist struggles, anti-racist organizing, nuclear disarmament, and preserving the environment. To this end, several organizations were established during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Most importantly, the movement must find a way to broaden support among black and Third World women. Education about the true nature and goal of the movement as well as resources and strategies for change must reach the women who have little or no access to the movement. There is a need for the development of mentor relationships between black women scholar/activists and young black students, both female and male. Individual struggle must be connected with a larger feminist movement to effect change, and so that new black feminists need not reinvent theory or search again for history that was never recorded. There is also a need to develop black female subjectivity to address black women as the primary audience of theoretical and critical black feminism. Black women and men need to develop a critical style which encourages further dialogue and development of ideas rather than merely trashing and silencing new black feminist voices. Respect for fellow black women must be developed and guarded in spite of the sexist, racist, and classist cultural baggage with which all Americans are weighed down. Differences among black women must be acknowledged and affirmed, rather than ignored. Finally, alliances must be strengthened between the black feminist movement and its parent movements. The black feminist movement must hold the current male-dominated black liberation movement accountable for its sexism and at the same time work with the movement to end the oppression of black people. As well, there must be a working dialogue between the white-dominated feminist movement and the black feminist movement to continue to develop theory and action which strives toward the end of sexism. The power and influence that each of these groups has cannot be ignored. As one NBFO (National Black Feminist Organization) member has said, White women are our natural allies; we cant take down the system alone. (Hull, Scott, Smith). As previously mentioned, there are differences between Black Feminism and Womanism. Black Feminism is still a derivative of Feminism, which is female-centered. Womanism is centered around the natural order of life, family and a complimentary relationship with men and women. It is all-inclusive and universal. Black Feminism tackles the social, political, and educational struggle of African-American women in the United States but it does not address all the global issues that women in the African origin are dealing with. It should be noted that in no way is Black Feminism any more or less important than Womanism. In fact, there are many elements in Black Feminism that are considered womanist values, such as the recognition of African roots, the pattern of defining a Black woman’s standpoint and the struggle to correct sexist attitudes. Rather, Womanism is the direction that Black Feminism should be evolving towards. Since Black Feminism is primarily focused on issues in the United States, it is not enough for the current conditions of the world. Currently, as more women around the world take a stand against the injustices each respective country has, the need for global solidarity continues to grow.