Metaphors by Sylvia Plath Essay

Sylvia Plath is well known for her confessional style of writing. Her poem ‘Metaphors’ was written in the 1960’s and expresses her self-loathing during pregnancy. Unlike many poets, Plath isn’t afraid to express her inner feelings throughout her work and explore herself within her poetry. In her poem ‘Metaphors’ Plath uses the ‘I’ voice to make her writing deeply personal and convey her pessimistic attitude towards her body image during pregnancy. ‘Metaphors’ is written in a single stanza structure consisting of nine lines each containing nine syllables. Nine is a recurring and significant number in the poem as metaphor and pregnancy both have nine letters and ‘I’ is the ninth letter of the alphabet. It also may be an underlying reference to the nine months of gestation during pregnancy and the impact pregnancy is having on Plath. The poem is written in the form of blank verse without any regular rhyming pattern; however the meter remains consistent with 9 syllables in each line. Plath creates shockingly vivid imagery of her heavily pregnant body and child within; â€Å"An elephant, a ponderous house.† She uses the word â€Å"ponderous† to create an image of her large, lumbering heavily pregnant body and â€Å"house† to show that she is sheltering something precious within. Plath also compares herself to the humorous image of â€Å"a melon on two tendrils.† This makes the reader picture a heavy, round image staggering on two frail, weak legs. The writer’s constant comparison to humorous, ugly objects such as â€Å"a big loaf† and â€Å"a fat purse† highlight the extent of her depression and self-loathing. Although Plath compares herself to a large, unattractive being, she places great value on her unborn child’s life and compares it to many beautiful, valuable objects; â€Å"ivory† â€Å"fine timbers! She uses comparison between the beautiful baby contained within her and her own self-image; â€Å"Money’s new-minted in this fat purse† which clearly represent the ugliness she sees in herself, concealing her precious child within. The writer claims to be;  Ã¢â‚¬Å"a means† where the child will thrive and grow until birth, â€Å"a stage† for her child to develop and grow within and â€Å"a cow in calf† which emphasizes the self-loathing she feels towards the change in her body. In the second last line on the poem, Plath says; â€Å"I’ve eaten a bag of green apples† which could be a reference to the Bible and the apples that tempted Eve in the Garden of Eden and how her over-indulgence followed by painful consequences are a biblical reference to original sin. Plath compares her situation to that of Eve’s, she believes that she too indulged in the sensual pleasure of over-indulgence and is now facing the consequences of her actions. On a more literal level, it may also be that she has over-eaten and feels bloated as this is often common among pregnant women. Plath ponders what the uncertain future holds for her in her last line; â€Å"Boarded the train there’s no getting off.† She implies that the pregnancy is too far advanced to be terminated and she is solely responsible for the new life within her. As the poem progresses, Plath begins to feel helpless towards the last weeks of her pregnancy, facing an uncertain future and she has no control over the outcome. The overall tone of ‘Metaphors’ is a pessimistic one which highlights the extent of the poet’s self-loathing and depression. This may be related to mental health issues the fragile poet suffered from. Plath’s distorted self-image combined with the love she feels for her unborn child and her uncertainty of what the future may hold for her come together to produce a beautiful, highly emotional poem. She successfully incorporates striking yet shocking imagery to engage the reader into her deepest thoughts and feelings and almost sympathise with her situation. Plath leaves us pondering what the future holds for her through her extremely heart-rending, thought provoking poem.

Psychotropic Medication Essay

A psychotropic medication is a drug that can affect the mind, behavior and emotions.   It can be utilized to treat several mental disorders.   In recent years, with the advancement of mental sciences, there has been a sudden increase in use of psychotropic medications for the treatment of several mental disorders.   However, it is still not clearly understood whether these would be safe and efficient over the long run.   Some of the psychotropic medications, which are increasingly being utilized, recently include antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, antipsychotics, and antiepileptic drugs (Weller, 2007, Thompson, 2001 & Kohen, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A study was conducted by Freeman et al (1998), to study the efficacy and safety of multi-drug therapy in the treatment of resistant (refractory) bipolar disorder.   In the past, physicians and researchers have faced a lot of difficulties in the treatment of bipolar disorders.   The severity of the disease and the range of symptoms that can develop vary hugely from one individual to another.   The length of the illness, response to treatment, chances of recurrences, outcomes, etc, vary from one case to another and depends on several factors. However, during the last half a century, the use of medications has really helped to improve the outcome of bipolar disorders.   Several drugs have come into the picture in the treatment of bipolar disorders, which have been utilized during various periods.   Some of the drugs include lithium, chloropromazine, carbamazepine, haloperidol, calcium-channel blockers, clozapine, risperidol, lamotrigine, gabapentin, olanzapine, etc.   Although, a variety of drugs are currently available for the treatment of bipolar disorder, it remains a real challenge to manage.   The range of symptoms are so vast that it is often difficult to manage it with a single drug.   Hence, a combination of drugs has to be utilized for a short-term period. The author researched various drugs utilized in the treatment including lithium, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, valproate, verapamil, olanzapine, nimodipine, benzodiazepines, amlodipine, neuroleptics, gabapentin, clonazepam, clozapine, and risperidone.   Studies conducted in patients consuming lithium and sodium valproate have demonstrated that the chances of recurrences were much lesser.   The chances of adverse effects were also slightly higher.   But, weighing the disadvantages against the advantages demonstrated that valproate and lithium combination was efficient.   On the other hand lithium utilized along with carbamazepine demonstrated that only in certain cases this combination was effective and safe. However, in comorbid disease of the brain, the combination was best avoided.   Studies have shown that the valproate carbamazepine combination has a synergistic effect, but there are associated dangers of serious side effects.   Hence, it would be advisable from preliminary tests itself to avoid this combination.   To several extents, the data currently available seems to be inconsistent and there is an urgent need to conduct comprehensive drug trials.   The physician should be able to determine the risk of developing adverse effects and accordingly modify the treatment. The main issue of combination therapy is that there are greater chances of damage occurring due to associated drug interaction and individual actions of the drug.   However, as the drugs may have a synergistic effect, the potential for huge amount of benefits also exist.   Another adverse issue that exists with combination therapy is the potential for not complying with the treatment plan.   The patient may stop taking the drugs due to the several side effects (Freeman et al, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies have demonstrated that in spite of a dearth of long-term studies (to determine the safety and efficacy of the drug), many drugs are being utilized in children.   This is the most sensitive age group, and any negative reaction can have a life-long effect.   Currently the drugs utilized in children have been only assessed for their short-term and medium-term effect.   Many drugs, which seem to be safe, are seldom effective for long-periods of time.   However, many drugs that do seem effective may not in fact be safe. In a study conducted by Hussain on children suffering from ADHD, he found that about 25 % of the patients administered olanzapine and 30 % administered risperidone stopped the drug due to several reasons.   The main reasons for stopping the drug included poor response during the initial stages of drug therapy and the development of several side effects (such as sedation, confusion, agitation, nausea, vomiting, etc).   After a period of three months, there was an improvement in the symptoms and signs of ADHD. Another issues, which also need to be considered in adolescents, are the issue of drug compliance.   Children are more likely not to comply with treatment compared to adults.   Children may not comply with the doses when the side effects associated with the drug are high.   Many children would not be consuming the drug as they feel that it would not be beneficial in any way.   However, scientists do feel that with the advent of advanced studying techniques and the development of safer drug profiles, the chances of developing side effects have significantly dropped in children (Weller, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the breast-feeding period, it is important for the physician to note that any drug consumed by the mother would not only have an adverse effect on her, but also on the baby.   This is because the drug or its metabolite may be expressed in the breast milk.   Previously, women in urgent need of psychotropic medications were advised to avoid breastfeeding the child.   However, nowadays, the physicians would have to give a judgment call depending on the nature of the drug consumed and the risk of potential side effects. The chances of ill effects developing in the child depend on the quantity of drug expressed in the breast milk.   Children having liver function defects or those born prematurely are at a greater risk of developing side effects.   Besides, the heart and the kidney function also play an important role.   During the nursing period, the physician should be able to determine the chances of developing risk, and accordingly advise the mother.   It is very important to study the extent of the mental health disorder, the support from the family members, women’s chances of complying and adhering to the treatment, etc. It is important to note that during the nursing period, a healthy mother would be in a better situation to take care of the baby, than an ill mother.   It is also important to note that any drug, which has a beneficial effect on the body, would also be having a side effect.   Thus it is found that a single drug utilized in low doses would be having minimal amount of side effects compared to other drugs.   However, the psychiatrist may want to choose a combination of two or more drug in order to improve the benefits. In such cases, the risk for side effects would be high, especially in the baby.   The psychiatrist should work in close coordination with the mother, family members and the pediatrician In all cases, the chances of benefits should outweigh that of the risks from occurring.   In cases, the health of the mother is at stake, and she requires a combination of drugs, it would be advisable to stop breastfeeding and return to this healthy practice only when the drug therapy is completely stopped (Kohen, 2005). Recently, newer antidepressants drugs are being available in the market.   These antidepressants have fewer side effects, are more effective and act very fast.   Although, the chances of developing minor side effects were small in number, the chances of developing the more serious ones occurred on fewer occasions.   However, the recent drug trials have been unable to determine the long-term side effects. In this regard, more number of drug trials need to be conducted.   Many researchers have suggested that as chances of serious side effects are also present, it would be advisable to follow certain precautions. These include closely monitoring the drug therapy, administering for short periods of time, using other treatment measures such as psychotherapy as first line, starting from a low dosage and slowly increasing it depending on the patient’s response, stoppage of alcohol and other drugs, etc.   Certain warning signs need to be looked into to determine the chances of side effects from developing.   Studies have shown that usually minor side effects occur more frequently than the major ones. Studies conducted through clinical trials have demonstrated that the chances of side effects were particularly higher in those who consumed the drug than the placebo.   However, it would also be interesting to note that patients receiving the placebo took longer time to recover from the disease than those who received the drug.   If a drug has only minor side effects are well tolerated in the body, then it should be preferred to one that causes major side effects.   Psychiatrists prefer to use psychotropic medications for short period of time, in order to avoid the chances of side effects from developing (Jureidini et al, 2005). Another approach that also seems to be beneficial includes combining the drug with other drugs in order to decrease the dosage.   In all cases, the patient’s treatment with drug therapy needs to be closely monitored in order to determine the chances of side effects and benefits from developing.   As the effects of several drugs on the developing baby are not known, its use should be restricted during pregnancy and lactation.   Further research needs to be conducted in this regard (Jureidini et al, 2005, Kohen, 2005, Gazley, 2004 & Freeman, 1998). Psychotropic medications have the potential of causing side effects and also helping to improve the outcome of the condition.   The risk of side effects may be difficult to manage and to predict.   However, if certain measures are followed, they could be kept to a minimal.   Some of the measures that are required include:- Conducting detailed drug trials to asses the potential side-effects and benefits Ensuring that the drug trials are conducted for determining the long term effects Monitoring the drug administration of the patient Making a thorough risk assessment (weighting the risks and the benefits) in each and very case. Making sure that the factors, which would result in the development of side effects, are discussed and addressed appropriately. Taking care whilst administering drugs to pregnant women and nursing mothers. Taking care whilst administering drugs to sensitive groups such as children, elders, etc. Taking care whilst administering combination drugs (as they could have a synergistic effect) Seeking patient’s compliance and adherence to the drug therapy. Modifying the other factors that alter the course of the disease. To ensure that the drug are administered in low doses for short period of time. Using psychotherapy as an adjuvant.    References: Freeman, M. P. & Stoll, A. L. (1998). â€Å"Mood Stabilizer Combinations: A Review of Safety and Efficacy.† Am J Psych, 155, 12-21. http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/155/1/12 Gazley, J. (2004). â€Å"Sample Email Answer 7 – Psychotropic Drugs. What are the side effects?† Retrieved on December 12, 2007, from Ask the internet Therapist Web site: http://www.asktheinternettherapist.com/counselingarchive_psychotropic_drugs.asp Jereidini, J. N., Doecke, C. J., Mansfield, P. R. (2004). â€Å"Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for children and adolescents.† BMJ, 328, 879-883. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/328/7444/879 Kohen, D. (2005). â€Å"Psychotropic medication and breast-feeding.† Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11, 371-379. http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/11/5/371.pdf Thompson, L. L. (2001). â€Å"Neuropsychological Testing.† In. Jacobson (Ed), Psychiatric Secrets, Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. Weller, E. B. (2007). â€Å"Issues in Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology.† Medscape. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/420268

Acute Care Of Diverticulitis

Acute Care Of Diverticulitis On Thursday night February 25, 2010, DC, a 64 year old female Caucasian came to the emergency room complaining of chills, abdominal pain, vomiting x 2days and diarrhea x3days. DC is 5’6†³ and weighs 239 pounds. She stated that after eating dinner on Tuesday night she began to feel abdominal pain that worsened and then developed vomiting and diarrhea. DC’s pain ranged from 5/10-10/10 and complained of tenderness over her entire abdomen, that was worse midline. DC has a left brachial cephalic A/V fistula that has a palpable thrill and a good bruit. Upon being admitted to the Emergency Department DC’s vital signs were BP 136/79, T 97.9, HR 101, R16 and O2 sat 95% on room air. DC’s lung sounds were clear to auscultation and she denied being short of breath. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were both elevated. An x-ray and a CT scan both showed evidence of a small bowel obstruction with perforation with evidence of diverticular disease of the colo n (see medical management for details). It was at this time that DC was transferred to E300. Primary Diagnosis and Priority Secondary Diagnosis The primary medical diagnosis is diverticulosis/diverticulitis, with a small bowel obstruction. The secondary diagnosis is chronic renal failure (CRF). Patient History DC has a history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation (AFib), end stage renal disease (ESRD), past peritoneal dialysis (2.5 years), and peritonitis. She has been on a Monday, Wednesday, Friday hemodialysis schedule for the past 2 years. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS AND PRIORITY SECONDARY DIAGNOSIS Diverticula are pouch-like herniations of the mucosa through the muscular wall of the small intestine or colon. Diverticulosis is the presence of many diverticula in the wall of the intestine. Most people with diverticulosis have no symptoms and remain symptom free for a lifetime. Diverticulitis is used to describe when one or more of the diverticula become inflamed. Dive rticula occur most commonly in the sigmoid colon, although they may occur in any part of the small or large intestine. The musculature of the colon hpertrophies, thicken and becomes rigid, and herniation occurs through the colon wall. Diverticula occur at points of weakness in the intestinal wall, where blood vessels interrupt muscular continuity. The muscle weakness develops as part of the aging process (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006). Diverticula usually cause few problems. If undigested food or bacteria become trapped in the diverticulum blood supply will diminish and bacteria invade the diverticulum. Diverticulitis occurs when the diverticulum perforates and a local absess forms (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006). Diets with small amounts of fiber have been linked to the development of diverticula due to the fact that they cause less bulky stool and constipation. However fiber is not proven to be a preventative measure (uptodate.com). Only one of five people with diverticulitis will actually display symptoms (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006). Exactly how diverticula become inflamed is not clear. One theory is that increased pressure in the colon can lead to breakdown of the wall of the diverticula leading to infection. Another theory is the openings of the diverticula may trap fecal matter, which can lead to infection. Or, an obstruction in the narrow opening of the diverticulum may reduce blood flow to the area which may lead to inflammation. In the past, medical professionals thought that nuts, seeds, popcorn and corn played a role in causing diverticulitis. However, recent research has found that these foods aren’t associated with an increased risk of diverticulitis (mayoclinic.com).

L5 Leadership and Management in Care Services Assignment

L5 Leadership and Management in Care Services - Assignment Example There are no expectations for individual holding a L4 credentials do any extra units in order to meet the regulated or requirements of registration (Apple Learning 2012). To achieve a complete award, one must complete a total of seven units which includes four units that are mandatory and three units, which are optional. Just like all NVQ’s, the qualification is based on competence. As such, it is linked to ability of an individual to perform different tasks related to their work completely. A program of assessment and development must be planned by the candidate together with his assessor. Further, an evidence portfolio must be compiled in order to justify that they are competent and have adequate knowledge in their roles (Apple Learning 2012). Professionals in health as well as social care centers need excellent skills in the way they communicate. Good communication enhances relationships, which are positive in nature, and sharing information with those assessing the facilit ies and the practitioner’s services. Still, it is necessary that these individuals should be able to communicate effectively with the families of other people as well as their carers. Further, they must communicate well considering their own colleagues and also in regards to other professionals involved in other fields. As such, for a person considering an entry into a career associated with social care and health, it is important that he should attain the understanding, knowledge as well as the practical skills essential in development of interpersonal skills that are effective. In order to support effective communication, which is within a person’s own job role, it necessitates an individual or the profession to work together with his colleagues in an effort to monitor his work quality as well as maintain the safety of those individuals who have been put under his or her care. In the same context, it is necessary that, that professional approach his colleagues and co nsult them. As such, he should seek advice from them whenever it is appropriate (Tutor Care 2012). The professional, while communicating to the patients, should use body languages. As such, people tend to communicate more using body languages just like they do using words. Body language comprises of facial expressions, hand movements and even eye contacts. The professional working in these facilities must be continuously kept in mind that, different body languages could infer different meanings especially to those who come to seek their services. Again, he should make use of a dialogue in which, much will be said as compared to situations where he does not incorporate dialogue. More over, the practitioner must be able to express anger and also learn how to receive it. Old people are mostly subjected to anger not withstanding the nature of circumstances. As such, they tend to become embarrassed by petty things and if the professional dealing with them does not understand this, then h e will be faced with a hard task in inferring or taking care of them (Tutor Care 2012).

Ls week 6 ask Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ls week 6 ask - Essay Example Accommodating style asserts that one party agrees to forgo his or her own concern so that the other party ideas hold. In this regard, what would have been the case if you as the project manager decided to forgo your concern in favor of those of the architect? It is argued that in case of a stolen idea, one can decide to abandon the collaboration style and resort to un-collaborated style. In this regard, competing becomes the other option. As a project manager, how would Competing style help solve the problem of stolen idea? Competing asserts that one strive against another to attain a goal. However, collaboration is highly encouraged in any organization’s operations. With this in mind, how would competing style ensure there is collaboration among the colleagues? In the effort to prove that a colleague’s idea is your stolen idea, you may decide to use your junior in presenting the idea in order to show that the idea is a ‘shared idea’. Don’t you think that this would be a hypocritical concern given that the truth is that the idea was actually yours? In the effort to claim back your stolen idea, confrontation with your colleague is apparent. Applying leadership style, how would you ensure that your differences with the ‘thief’ colleague do not interfere with the operations of your organization? You consider using collaboration and compromising styles only when three parties are involved two of which represent major parties required to accomplish a certain objective. Therefore, this means that the idea of the third party is forgone. In this regard, how do you ensure that the third party is collaborated in the two parties’ interest without jeopardizing his collaboration with the idea? You may also decide to use collaboration and compromising styles where the corporate governance, management and the employees are involved. Using your leadership styles, how would you deal with other issues that concern the consumer

Coursework for Empirical Methods of Economic Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

For Empirical Methods of Economic - Coursework Example Figure (1) Ignoring the age variable will result in direct relationship of number of years of education completed with the amount of wage earned in a month. Therefore, the direct relationship is shown as follows: Figure (2) ii) Referring to equation (1) specifying a linear function of wage, with respect to age and education, if Ey is kept constant, i.e. number of years of education remain same, then the direct relationship of wage (Wt) and age (At) will be determined. The specific organizational principle will be applied here, i.e. the experienced workers will be enjoying more wages than those who have lesser experience, and the variable for counting the experience is the age of the workers. The more the age, the more will be experience of the workers, and hence they will enjoy larger amount in terms of their monthly wage. Keeping the education years (Ey) constant, and allowing the wages to change at a different rate, with respect to change in the age of the workers, the graph would still show a direct relationship between Wt and Ay, as follows: Figure (3) As shown above, the education variable is kept constant, and even then the wage will increase as the worker’s age increases. ... In this case, the figure (1) can again be considered, where the wages will increase depending upon the increase on the wage as well as the age. The only exception in this section and the previous one is the dependability of age of the worker on his age, whereas both were independent in the former approach, but the results will be the same whether the age factor is going to depend on education years or not, because the wage factor is going to change depending upon the change in age as well as education years altogether. Q (b). For the equation used in question a(i), the data is put in the EViews, and the estimates have been made about the relationship between the wage, age, and education years. The following graph will be showing a relationship of the three variables provided in the equation 1 given above. Figure (4) The figure shows that the data given in the excel sheet provides a direct relationship between the wage that is calculated on the basis of the ages and educational years of each of the workers working in the company. The blue lines highlight wages, red age, and green lines show educational years in case of first model discussed above. The wage will rise whenever the educational years, or age, or bother together will rise. Concerning the second model made in an answer to the question (a) above, the changes in wage were made as a direct function of the changes made in the age of the workers, and it was supposed that the educational experiences were either kept constant or had been ignored, and a direct function was applied on the age and its change on the wage of each of the worker. The graph given in figure (5) below will

Financial Markets - Raising Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Markets - Raising Capital - Essay Example In fact the financing decisions form an integral part of a firm’s policy decisions. Usually, the financial managers prefer debt over equity on account of interest tax deductibility and low cost associated with debt. Mr Exposito plans to raise funds for the purpose of expanding his winery business. A careful analysis of the various sources of funding has been done to suggest the best available alternative based on the size of the winery business and the prevailing conditions in the market. Analysis of capital instruments There are two forms of financing - long term and short term. The long term financing instruments include debentures, bonds, term loans & shares and the short term debt instruments include bank overdraft & trade credit. Bonds- A bond is a long-dated financial instrument used by the companies to raise funds from the public. The bondholders are entitled to regular interest in the form of coupon payments. Normally, the bond is listed in the stock exchange. It has a fixed date of maturity which is the date at which the company agrees to pay back the principal amount to the holder of the instrument. The issue of a bond creates a legal binding on the company. Even in the event of a loss the company cannot dishonour the interest payments as this can have legal repercussions. The companies mostly issue fixed coupons bonds offering semi-annual payments until the date of maturity. There may be other types of bonds like fluctuating coupon bonds or bonds with an annual or quarterly payment feature. Besides there are zero coupon bonds that do not require any interest payments. The bonds can further be classified on the basis of the collateral as mortgage bonds, collateral trust bonds and equipment trust certificates. The real property is used as collateral in the case of mortgage bonds. The securities owned by the corporate act as a security for the collateral trust bonds whereas the inventories and company equipments act as security for equipment trus t certificates. The price of the bond is inversely proportional to the interest rate. A rise in the interest rate can lower the price of the bonds and vice versa. Considering the interest rate sensitivity the bonds can be of two types- callable and non callable bonds. If after a bond issue the interest rates fall in the market then the corporate can call back the bonds issued at a higher interest rate and issue new bonds at a lower rate of interest (Rini, 2002, p.57). Debentures- The features of debentures are more or less similar to that of bonds except that unlike bonds the debentures carry a pre-determined rate of interest. Depending on ‘security’ the debentures can be classified as secured and unsecured. Secured debentures carry a charge on the company assets. The company cannot dispose-off these assets without the approval of the debenture holders. The unsecured debentures do not carry any such charge on the asset which makes it risky from the point of view of the investors. Again the debentures can be classified as per ‘convertibility’ into convertible and non-convertible debentures. The former gets converted into equity after a specified time period. Therefore in the future the debenture holders get an option to acquire a stake in the company. The non-convertible debentures are repaid at the end of the maturity and cannot be converted into equity. Depending on the ‘payment pattern’ the debentures c

Japan and China History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japan and China History - Essay Example While China has become aggressive by declaring war with Japan only to end up losing later, the latter has taken the strategy of ensuring the independence of Korea through the Treaty of Shimonoseki instead of radically annexing Korea. By this treaty, several ports in China have been opened for international trade. However, Western powers were active in China at that time, especially Russia, demanding the withdrawal of Japan from its claim over Liaodong (Duiker & Spielvogel 664). Yet instead of fighting for their claims like what China would have done, Japan ceded back their control and gave in with the demands of Russia. As a result, this strategy established diplomatic relations with Russia for a while allowing Japan to take over Korean affairs without intrusion from Russia. Japan also took advantage of this situation by collecting more war indemnity from China. The slow but sudden expansion of Japan has gradually caught the attention of other powerful Western nations such as the Uni ted States and Britain. The alliance formed with these Western powers has aided Japan to succeed in the Russo-Japanese war later in history.  

The Athenian Judgment in Melos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Athenian Judgment in Melos - Essay Example Melos was, however, actually under the Spartan power and this was the fact that irritated the Athenians. Soon they arrived at this small island with their power to force the Melian leader to come under their rule. Looking at the huge Athenian force that had arrived at the place it was natural for the Melians to be afraid of the situation. The Melian leaders were afraid of a different issue. Athenians were the most skillful orators and they could perform very well to move the sentiment of common people. Now, Melos had stayed as a free state for more than seven hundred remaining neutrals from all the warfare that took place earlier. It was really a matter of extreme shame for them to let freedom go out of their hand despite any of their own faults. So as a consequence, the Melian heroes and commissioners decided to meet the envoys privately. The statement, which was given from the part of the Melians, was if they would surrender to the Athenians, the latter will never lay their hands o n the Melians’ properties and freedom. We get a beautiful account of this dialogue in the work of Thucydides’ history. Athenians had the mentality that was too hard to melt. They clearly said in reply to the proposal of the Melians that they were here for the wrong treatment, which Melians had done to them being a part of the Spartan Empire. Moreover, they added that giving a long speech about the Melian freedom was useless, as they had to suffer for their own deed. Melians on the other side were also expert at law and they clearly showed what law had to say.

Corporate Compliance Plan for Riordan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Compliance Plan for Riordan - Essay Example As such a framework of codes of conduct and regulations which are in conformity with the various Federal, State and International laws is to be built. Such a Frame work shall act as a means and tool to mitigate any possible legal risks and liabilities The compliance plan should move ahead with Enterprise Risk management as a starting point with COSO risk guidelines as a basis (Steinberg, 2011). From a risk and liability mitigation perspective, the most impending aspect of the issues arising out of the numerous business and related transactions would be the underlying conflict. Thus, a separate mechanism for addressing the conflicts or disputes emanating from business transactions should be put in place. In order to avoid high litigation costs, a more preventive approach for conflict resolution that is Alternative Dispute Resolution should be implemented such that it is in consonance with ADR clause of the applicable Local/Regional and International Laws. Riordan already has a corpora te governance plan in existence. As per the plan, the Riordan Board of Directors should carry out the overall responsibility of the company as per the state corporate requirements. The plan specifies the board leadership roles, compensation and performance criteria, meetings etiquette and proceedings, committee matters and membership as well as operational and financial responsibilities of the board. Riordan has appointed Lowell Bradford the Legal Counsel who directly oversees the legal matters for the company. All the legal matters from various departments are forwarded to him, which he addresses based on his experience and knowledge and when required in consultation with Litteral and Finkel, the International Law Firm retained by the company. As per the above discussion in light of the most recent strategic decision of the company to move its China operations from Hangzhou to Shanghai, the possible legal risks and the liabilities shall be addressed as follows: ADR: Riordan should stipulate guidelines for its legal department to follow in order to avoid possible costly litigations as also the long term effectiveness of the conflict resolution. Towards the same goal, it should adopt an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) strategy which is in consonance with the ADR clause of the state corporation laws. As an effective strategy, the most important aspect of ADR from business conflict resolution viewpoint is to adopt a win-win attitude (Barbara & Corvette, p. 266). Based on the COSO risk management strategy (Steinberg, 2011), Riordan should decide upon whether Mediation or Arbitration would be an effective approach in the given situation. As such the authority to decide upon the same should rest with Lowell Bradford, the legal counsel. The authority to choose the Arbitrator and/or mediator for the same shall also rest with Mr. Bradford, however, he shall have a consultative role, whereas the legal board of Directors shall have a collective and final say in the matter. However, a Binding-mediation strategy (Jentz, Miller, & Cross, 2008, p. 40) shall be the most appropriate strategy for Riordan. The possible disputes that might arise from the relocation in the form of possible disagreement with the existing workforce over the termination of work contracts as well as vendor contracts resulting from the relocation. In order to address and mitigate the possible risks of disputes arising from

We Real Cool Essay Example for Free

We Real Cool Essay 1) Rhyme Gwendolyn Brooks makes great use of rhyme throughout the poem. She uses words such as cool, school, sin, and gin (Brooks 684-685). These are rhymes that appear at the end of lines. The rhyme scheme used compliments the theme, since it is the directed to a young audience. It is known that Brooks is trying to attract a young crowd because she is talking about young people who are supposed to attend school. The poem has an up tempo beat, almost like a rap. This rap-like sound may also help to appeal young readers. 2) Literary Devices  But as if the rhyming werent enough, Brooks also uses alliteration, the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases, usually a consonant. â€Å"Lurk late. We†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strike straight. We† (684)  Sometimes the rhyming doesnt even stop with the two end words: â€Å"Sing† â€Å"sin† â€Å"thin† â€Å"gin† (685). She also uses dialect, a black dialect. 3) Theme This poem describes the lifestyle of young rebels. They are cool having left school, and die soon. The seven players in the poem were victims of self-destruction. Brooks makes the theme evident to the reader with the use of irony. The first line of the poem reads We real cool (684)and the last line read We die soon (685). So, in other words the pool players were too cool for their own good. Brooks expresses the way she feels about school drop outs in a short, yet forceful poem. 4) We Real Cool is very unique definitely has a powerful message behind it. Gwendolyn Brooks illustrates the essence of troubled teenagers who will eventually suffer the ill-fated possibility that life will render a human being if they continue the lifestyle of the streets — â€Å"Die soon†. The poem was written in 1950 (685) during the struggle for African-American civil rights messages and, to appeal to young African Americans of the time. It expresses the problems and also the dangers which affected the young African-American community; and it serves as a way to help the youth realize the ways of their problems and change themselves for their own good and the good of the community.

The Boeing Company Essay Example for Free

The Boeing Company Essay Soon to celebrate a 100-year anniversary, The Boeing Company was founded in 1916 and had 28 people on its payroll. Today, The Boeing Company has more than 170,000 employees, in 50 states and 70 countries and is the largest manufacturer of commercial airplanes and military aircraft (â€Å"The Boeing Company,† 2012). Boeing is structured around a business model that sets it apart from other companies. This model consists of six parts. They are chart the course, set high expectations, inspire others, find a way, live Boeing values, and deliver results. These six parts fall into the four categories of trust, conflict resolution, commitment, and accountability. Every Boeing facility adheres to this model, whether it is the Commercial Division or the Defense/Space Division. This is called the â€Å"One Boeing† approach with everyone working together for the common goal. Following this business model has allowed Boeing to become an industry leader. Employees are encouraged to work together and to trust and respect one another. Communications are expected to be honest, candid, and open. Above all, integrity and ethics are insisted upon. Every employee makes an ethics commitment each year. Boeing fosters an atmosphere were issues are focused on, not titles or positions. New ideas and ways to do things are welcomed and implemented if possible. Goals and objectives are clear and teams work together to define steps to get there. Quality is also focused upon an expected. If a quality defect is found, Boeing and its employees step up immediately even when it is uncomfortable to do so because it is the right thing to do, always. Diversity is celebrated and each person’s skills and strengths are added to the knowledge base. Even though there is an official hierarchy, Boeing continues its cultural theme into communication by keeping an open-door policy. Employees know that they can take their questions and concerns to anyone, even the president and CEO of Boeing, without fear of retribution. Internally, employees receive news updates every day via e-mail. These updates may include information on new customer contracts or aircraft deliveries, or they may include articles on individual or team accomplishments. There are weekly and monthly video broadcasts within each division, Commercial and Defense, that give a status of the company and on-going projects. Externally, Boeing maintains an extensive public website, advertises in magazines and on television (with actual employees doing the acting), and even publishes its own Frontiers magazine that is available to the public online and printed for customers, suppliers, and employees (â€Å"Frontiers Online Magazine,† 2012). Boeing sites also support their local communities. Employees volunteer their time with many charities and events, such as Earth Day clean-up projects, Habitat for Humanity, food banks, and education programs with local school children. When recent, weather related, incidents tore through the Midwest and damaged some of the homes of its employees, Boeing sites around the country immediately pooled together to send household goods and monies to help their fellow coworkers. Sites near to the affected areas sent people to help. It is not unusual for the Boeing family to pull together to help each other. The company’s core values are not just a flowery statement to satisfy customers and shareholders. Boeing’s values are the core of its business and its employees. There was recently a defective electrical panel found on a military aircraft as it was about to take its first flight. Boeing employees were mobilized within minutes of notification and had a replacement unit en route within an hour. An investigation was conducted and safeguards put in place to ensure the error never occurred again. In April 2011, a Southwest Airlines plane made an emergency landing in Arizona when a hole developed in the fuselage. Within minutes of the incident, thousands of Boeing personnel were already working on the problem. That particular airplane had been in service for 15 years, yet every Boeing employee stepped up to stand behind the product. These examples illustrate that Boeing and its employees live the Boeing values every day. With an established organizational culture that emphasizes working together as one cohesive unit and with open honest communications, it is no wonder that Boeing and its employees have set themselves apart as an industry leader. As stated on the Boeing website, â€Å"†¦our culture mirrors the heritage of aviation itself, built on a foundation of innovation, aspiration and imagination.

Examination and clarification of bioluminescence in marine creatures

Examination and clarification of bioluminescence in marine creatures In order to isolate bioluminescent bacteria from marine samples, one must have a better understanding of the phenomena of bioluminescence. Bioluminescence is a type of luminescence. The light that usually occurs at low temperatures is called luminesence [1]. Chemiluminescence, fluorescence is all the other types of luminescence and should not be confused with bioluminescence. As the result of a given reaction, emission of heat and light takes place, this phenomenon is referred to as chemiluminescence or in other words, chemiluminescence refers to the emission of light in an exergonic reaction. For example, if two reactants namely A and B react, it results in the formation of product, with an excited intermediate C and generation of light. [A] + [B] → [C] → [Products] +  light This is how a chemical reaction takes place [1]. When a substance that has absorbed light or any other radiation of different wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, an emission of light takes place by that substance, this is referred to as fluorescence.  In most cases, emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy, than the absorbed radiation which has a higher energy [1]. In simple language, bioluminescence is the emission of light from living organisms. One can also describe bioluminescence as chemiluminescence in living organisms. Further clarifications regarding the types of luminescence can be carried out with the help of an experiment that involves the use of glow or light sticks. A solution of luminol in DMSO, sodium hydroxide pellets, an aqueous solution of fluorescent dye and test tubes. Luminol is a versatile chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a striking blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent [1] [2]. Glow sticks are used to demonstrate the effect of temperature on the rates of chemical reactions. The glow sticks contain two chemicals that are mixed when the glass tube on the inside is broken. This initiates a chemical reaction that gives off light. Higher the reaction temperature, faster is the reaction, and more intense the chemiluminescence. Reaction rates increase about two times for every 10 °C rise in temperature [2]. The luminol experiment demonstrates chemiluminescence and fluorescence. Luminol is oxidized (with molecular oxygen) in the presence of sodium hydroxide pellets. On shaking the test tube (containing luminol and sodium hydroxide pellets), oxygen is introduced into the solution. Hence chemiluminescence stops when the test tube is set aside [2]. When a fluorescent dye is added to the solution, the dye absorbs the light emitted by the luminol and re-emits light at a longer wavelength, changing the color, thus explaining the phenomena of fluorescence [2]. Bioluminescence is the emission of light observed in living organisms. Apart from bioluminescence, there are two other kinds of light emission that may take place from a living organism. These include: (I)Photosynthetic delayed light emission:. It is a weak red light which is emitted by all green plants and algae. This intensity is so low that one cannot see it, though it can be measured [3]. (II)Ultraweak light emission: this occurs in all organisms. It is due to various processes, mostly (but not always) involving molecular oxygen. It is regarded as a by-effect of metabolic activity, but doesnt have a biological function. It cannot be seen [3]. 2. Bioluminescence This is the best known biological luminescence phenomena, mostly because it can be observed using ones eyes only. The bioluminescence occurs among a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria, dinoflagellates, protozoa, sponges, mollusks, echinoderms, insects and fish. The majority of bioluminescent species live in the sea, although there are also many terrestrial bioluminescent insects, especially the beetles. It has been estimated that 60-80% of the fishes in the deep sea are bioluminescent [3]. (i) jellyfish (ii) lightfish (iii) fungi (iv) beetle Fig 2.1: The above pictures show bioluminescence in variety of organisms. The bioluminescent bacteria mainly falls under three genera namely   Photobacterium, Vibrio, and  Photorhabdus. Species within the genus Photobacterium and Vibrio generally exist in marine environment whereas the terrestrial species belong to the genus Photorhabdus. Species within the  Photobacterium  genus are generally light organ symbionts of marine animals, whereas the  Vibrio species exist as free-living forms as well as symbionts in the sea [4].The luminescence of these microorganisms should not be confused with the host organisms. Many fish and molluscs species which have been regarded as bioluminescent organisms have been shown to glow by the light of symbiotic bacteria [3]. The bacteria forms a symbiotic relationship with the host organism as it is provided with a nutrient rich environment for its growth and the host organism has the benefit of camouflage and protection from its predator. Some of the bioluminescent bacteria are obligate symbionts that fulfill their nutritional requirements only from the host, hence they cannot be grown in the laboratory as they cannot be separated from the host organism [4]. Apart from sharing a symbiotic relationship with the host organisms, some of the bioluminescent bacteria are also parasitic in nature, for example, the species in the genus Photobacterium and Vibrio infect the male crustaceans whereas the species in Photorhabdus genus infect terrestrial insects such as caterpillars with nematodes acting as an intermediate host for the bacteria. Majority of the bioluminescent bacteria present on the surface of the marine organisms act as non-specific parasites. The bacterium that resides in the guts of some marine organisms such as crustaceans produces chitinase (an enzyme) that facilitates the decomposition of chitin which is present in their exoskeleton. The different species of bioluminescent bacteria differ from each other in a number of properties including the optimal growing conditions i.e. the nutritional requirements and optimal growth temperature, and the reaction kinetics of the enzyme luciferase involved in light generation. However, the morphology of all bioluminescent bacteria is the same i.e. they are rod-shaped, gram-negative microorganisms with flagella facilitating motion. Bioluminescent bacteria are also capable of growth when the supply of molecular oxygen is limited; therefore they are also examples of facultative anaerobes. Despite the physiological diversity among different species of bioluminescent bacteria, all these microorganisms utilize highly homologous biochemical machineries to produce light. The onset and the energy output of this light-producing molecular machinery are tightly regulated under a central signaling pathway [4]. 2.1 Bioluminescence by squids: Light-emission by most of the marine organisms belongs in the blue and green  light spectrum.This is due to two reasons, firstly because the blue-green light (wavelength around 470 nm) transmits farthest in water, and secondly because most of the organisms are sensitive only to blue light, lacking pigments for the visualization of longer or shorter wavelengths[1]. Squid changes the color of the light emitted i.e. either blue or green light depending on its surrounding temperature. In case of squids, it produces green light when swimming in warm water and blue light in cold water [5]. During the day, the squid resides in the deep waters rather than on surface waters. The sunlight that falls on the deep waters has been filtered with only blue light remaining. The squid matches this color by turning on its blue photophores (photophores are light producing tissues). During the night, the squid is present on the shallow water. The moonlight at shallow depths has not been filtered to a greater extent, as a result both blue and green light remains. The squid matches this color by turning on both of its green and blue photophores [5]. Fig 2.1.1: The picture shows squids bioluminescence [5] 2.2 Advantages of Bioluminescence: There are four main advantages attributed to bioluminescence: Camouflage, attraction, repulsion, and communication. Camouflage Some squids by using the phenomena of bioluminescence defend themselves against predators by producing light (a soft glow) on their ventral surface to match the light coming from above and making their presence indetectable to the potential predators(just as a darker dorsal surface makes aquatic organisms difficult to detect from above. Some can also change the color of their luminescence to match moonlight or sunlight. This is referred to as counterillumination [1]. Attraction Bioluminescence is also used as to attract prey by several deep sea fish, such as the anglerfish. A dangling appendage or a light-emitting rod that extends from the head of the fish that carries the bioluminescent bacteria attracts small animals to the front of its mouth. Fig 2.2.1: Anglerfish lures its prey by using bioluminescence [4]. The cookie cutter shark also uses bioluminescence for luring its prey. A small patch on its underbelly remains dark and tends to appear as a small fish to large predatory fish like tuna. When these fish such as tuna try to consume the small fish, they themselves become prey for the the shark. Dinoflagellates have an interesting twist on this mechanism. When a predator of plankton is sensed through motion in the water, the dinoflagellate luminesces. This in turn attracts even larger predators, which then consume the would-be predator of the dinoflagellate. The attraction of mates in fireflies during the mating season is another proposed mechanism of bioluminescent action. This is done by periodic flashing in their abdomens to attract the potential mates [1]. Repulsion Certain small crustaceans also use bioluminescent chemical mixtures. A cloud of luminescence is emitted, which confuses and then repels a potential predator while the crustacean escapes to safety. This is also shown in some squids [1]. Communication Bioluminescence also plays a direct role in communication between bacteria. It promotes the symbiotic induction of bacteria into host species, and sometimes also plays a role in colony aggregation [1]. 2.3 Biochemistry of the Bioluminescence Reaction As mentioned earlier, bioluminescence is defined as emission of light by living organisms arising from exothermic or exergonic chemical reactions. It is due to the substrate-enzyme complex of luciferin-luciferase within the cytoplasm of the cell. Luciferin refers to any light-emitting compound whereas luciferase is an enzyme. The luciferin-luciferase complex differs among species. In 1887, a scientist named Raphaà «l Dubois isolated light producing chemicals from the piddock, which is a clam that stays in the burrow. He discovered that on placing the clam in cold water, light was seen in the water, that glowed for several minutes, indicating that a light producing chemical was extracted from the clams tissues. He also observed that if he made a hot-water extract from another clam and added this to the original cold-water extract, he could reactivate the light reaction. Dubois called his hot-water extract luciferin and the cold-water extract luciferase. The reaction produces a molecule that is in an electronically excited state. After the molecule gives off energy, it goes back to the ground state and a photon of light is released [2]. Bacterial luciferase is the main enzyme that is used in the phenomena of bioluminescence. Apart from the involvement of luciferase, there are certain other enzymes that supply and regenerate the substrates of luciferase. In bacteria the expression of the genes related to bioluminescence are encoded by an operon called the lux operon.  The lux operon is a 9 kilobase fragment that controls bioluminescence through the catalyzation of the enzyme luciferase. The lux operon has a known gene sequence of luxCDAB(F)E, where lux A and lux B code for the components of luciferase, and the lux CDE codes for a fatty acid reductase complex that makes the fatty acids necessary for the luciferase mechanism. Lux C codes for the enzyme acyl-reductase, lux D codes for acyl-transferase, and lux E makes the proteins needed for the enzyme acyl-protein synthetase. Apart from these genes, there are two more genes namely luxR and luxI that play an important role in the regulation of the operon [1]. Other ge nes including  luxF,  luxG, and  luxH, whose functions are neither clearly defined nor apparently necessary for bioluminescence are also found in some  lux  operons [4]. Fig 2.3.1The arrangement of luxCDABE operon [4] Luciferase is a heterodimer consisting of two different polypeptide chains- alpha and beta (molecular mass 40 kDa and 37 kDa, respectively, and encoded by the  luxA andluxB genes, respectively). The active site is located within the alpha-beta subunit. Absence of beta subunit leads to light emission of a weaker intensity. Studies have shown that the crystal structure of V. harveyi luciferase interacts and forms complex binding patterns between several side chains and backbone amides of the alpha and beta subunits. Studies also reveal that the function of the beta subunit is to act as a supporting scaffold by assisting in the conformational change of the subunit during the catalysis [4]. Fig 2.3.2: Bacterial luciferase structure [4]. Fig 2.3.3: The rectangular box highlights the inter-subunit interactions (ionic attractions, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions) that play an important role in the assembly of bacterial luciferase enzyme [4]. Bacterial luciferase uses reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2), molecular oxygen, and long chain fatty aldehyde as substrates. During the reaction, the oxidation of FMNH2  and aldehyde concomitant takes place along with the reduction of molecular oxygen and emission of energy, which is released as blue/green light ( MAX~ 490 nm). The energy level of the photon that was produced when the excited electron on the flavin chromophore returns to the ground state is indicated by the characteristic color. Studies have shown that point mutations at the flavin chromophores binding site brings about a change in the color emission spectrum of bacterial bioluminescence, indicating that the distinctive emission color depends not only on the chromophore, but also on the electronic nature of the chromophore-binding microenvironment in luciferase. Aside from bacterial luciferase, some luminescent bacteria also carry fluorescent proteins to; distinguish themselves from other strains by modulating the emission color [4]. For continuous light emission, constant supply of the substrates should be maintained by the enzymes coded by the Lux operon. In addition to bacterial bioluminescence, all the other biological luminescence systems (such as fireflies, coelenterates and dinoflagellates) also utilize molecular oxygen as the oxidizing agent in their luminescence biochemistry, and the processes involved in the reduction of the molecular oxygen serves as an energy sink, draining the reducing power of the substrates. High energy unstable intermediates are formed that dissipate the potential energy of the excited chromophore in the form of light. In this regard, molecular oxygen can be considered to serve as a key to unleash the energy deposited in FMNH2  and fatty aldehyde for bacterial bioluminescence [4].   Fig 2.3.4: The pathway [4] For example, in case of fireflies luciferin reacts with oxygen, with luciferase acting as an enzyme aided by cofactors such as calcium ions, thus emitting light. 2.4 Quorum sensing: The definition of quorum sensing states that it is a type of decision making process used by decentralized groups to coordinate behavior [1]. From the biological aspect, there are many species of bacteria such as Vibrio fischeri, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeroginosa that use quorum sensing to coordinate their gene expression according to the local density of their population. It was first discovered in Vibrio fischeri [1]. Since Vibrio fischeri uses quorum sensing, it constantly produces signaling molecules called as autoinducers. These bacteria have a receptor that recognizes these signaling molecules. When the autoinducers bind to these receptors, it results in the transcription of certain genes, including those for inducer synthesis. There are less chances of the bacterium recognizing its own signaling molecules, hence for the activation of gene transcription, the cell must also encounter signaling molecules from the local environment. Autoinducers and inducers are interchangeably used. If there is less number of same types of bacteria present in the local environment, then the concentration of the inducer decreases to zero thus inactivating the gene transcription. But if the population of the bacteria increases, the concentration of the autoinducers increases, thereby resulting in the activation of gene transcription, thus causing bioluminescence. Therfore, quorum sensing plays a very important rol e in the regulation of luxCDAB(F)E expression in bioluminescent bacteria [1] [4] . Fig 2.4.1: Chemical structure of the autoinducers of bioluminescent bacteria [4] The autoinducer is a metabolic product that diffuses easily across the cellular membrane [4]. Fig 2.4.2: The fig. shows the role played by an autoinducer in the mechanism of quorum sensing [4]. Marine bioluminescent bacteria that is not present as a symbiont (free living bacteria) does not emit light. This is because for the emission of light, accumulation of autoinducers is necessary and this is possible only in a nutrient rich environment which is provided to the symbiotic bacteria [4]. 2.5 Applications of bioluminescence: One of the major applications of bioluminescence is the development of biosensors. A biosensor is a device that detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or the presence of various chemical or biological materials in the environment. Some bacteria have been designed that gives off a detectable signal when in presence of a pollutant (e.g. toluene) that it likes to consume [6]. In terms of using the phenomena of bioluminescence, efforts are being made to engineer agricultural plants that show luminescence when need watering [1]. As the primary function of bacterial luciferase is to catalyze the emission of light, this feature together with generation of the aldehyde substrate by fatty acid reductase can be successfully produced in other bacteria, by the transfer of the  luxCDABE genes, which convert nonluminescent bacteria into light emitters [4]. Fig 2.5.1: The insertion of the foreign  luxCDABE structural genes into the organism such as E. coli confers the organism the ability to emit light [4]. The ability of the non-luminescent bacteria to emit light by means of recombinant DNA technology has provided researchers an easy alternative to measure and detect the growth and living conditions of bacteria. The phenomena of bacterial bioluminescence are used in the detection of pathogenic bacteria in human food sources. By culturing a food sample in the presence of a recombinant bacteriophage (vector) carrying the  luxCDABE insert, one can readily determine the contamination by bacteria in the food source. In addition, the light emitting property of the  luxCDABE genes has been employed as a reporter of gene expression for studying regulatory controls involved in affecting the efficiency of RNA polymerase in initiation and transcription at different promoters. Then the  luxCDABE genes are under the control of an environmentally regulated promoter (e.g., promoters whose efficiency is highly sensitive to the level of mercury, arsenic, or other pollutants), the structural  lu x genes can function as a biosensor, whose expression will monitor the presence of toxic waste in the environment. In the pharmaceutical industry, genetically modified bacteria carrying the lux genes have been utilized to evaluate the efficiency of antibiotics in fighting against bacterial infections in mammals; with animals such as mice, pigs, and monkeys serving as potential human models. In this screening procedure, the lesser the intensity of luminescence in the infected organs/tissues, the more efficient the antibiotics against bacterial infection; therefore, bacterial bioluminescence serves as an indicator of bacterial growth allowing the proper dosages of antibiotics to be determined and effective treatment to be established [4].   3. Laboratory Experiment 3.1 Sample Collection: After the literature study, it was decided that squid will serve as a sample for this experiment as it is readily available in the U.A.E. fish market. A fresh catch was taken as a sample for this experiment. Since some of these microbes i.e. bioluminescent bacteria are also found in seawater, seawater sample from Sharjah was also collected for this experiment. 3.2 Methodology for the isolation of bioluminescent bacteria from squid: Materials Required: Squid Luminescent Broth (Appendix 1) Luminescent Agar (BOSS Medium) (pH=7.3) (Appendix 2) Procedure: 1. The squid is placed in a beaker and just enough 3.0% NaCl solution is added such that approximately 10-20% of the sample is above the level of the liquid as shown in fig 3.2.1. The NaCl solution preserves the squid by preventing any other microbial growth other than that of bioluminescent bacteria, as required. Fig 3.2.1: Squid placed in a beaker containing NaCl solution. 2. The flask is then kept for incubation in a cool dark room (18-22 °C) and is observed at intervals up to 24 hours. The room is darkened totally such that the flask can be observed for luminous areas on the sample. Sometimes the squid secretes ink that might hinder the view of luminous areas on the squid. In order to prevent this, the NaCl solution is changed when required. 3. Four petriplates of Luminescent Agar (formula above) are streaked from four different luminous areas on the squid. Forceps and craft knife are required and it is used one at a time in the burner for its sterilization. The knife and forceps are then cooled for a while. Squid is held with the forceps and its skin is gently scraped of that shows luminescence with the tip of the knife. The scraped off skin is transferred on to a sterile inoculating loop for streaking on the plates. 4. The plates are then kept for incubation in the cool room (18-22 °C) for 24 hours. (No more than 48 hours.) 5. After observing luminous isolated colonies, these isolated colonies are individually streaked on to a new plate of Luminescent Agar and incubated as above. Fig 3.2.2: Streaked petriplates 6. One or more of the more brilliant colonies is then chosen and streaked onto a slant of Luminescent Agar. The agar slants are incubated overnight or until luminescent growth is seen and then refrigerated. 7. From the agar slants, flasks of Luminescent Broth are inoculated. The flasks are then placed in the shaking incubator for 10-15 hrs at 18-22 °C. [8] The flasks that show bioluminesence is then used for studying the growth curves and characterization of the bioluminescent bacteria. Result and Inference: No luminous colonies were observed from the squid on the first attempt, even though the squid did show luminous areas on its body surface. The failure can be attributed to the fact that streaking was not carried out on the same day it showed luminescence. However, on the second attempt, out of the four petriplates that were streaked with the skin of the squid, only one petriplate showed six luminous colonies. Fig 3.1.3: The above pictures are a reference as to how colonies appear when placed in light (left picture) and dark (right picture) [10]. The colonies that appeared during the course of my experiment (only six in number) were not so densely populated as observed in the pictures above. These six colonies were then streaked on six different petriplates containing Luminescent Agar. The picture below shows bioluminescence in the streaked petriplates. Fig 3.2.4: The picture below shows bioluminescence in the streaked petriplates. The agar slants were also prepared from the petriplates. The six flasks containing Luminescent Broth were then inoculated with culture from the agar slants. The flasks were then kept in the shaking incubator for 18-24 hrs. at room temperature. Out of the six flasks containing Luminescent Broth, only three flasks showed microbial growth. The bacterial cultures were then used for growth curves. 3.3 Methodology for the isolation of bioluminescent bacteria from seawater sample: Materials Required: Seawater sample was collected from Sharjah. Seawater Complete Agar (Appendix 3) Procedure: 1. Seawater sample is collected in a clean container 2. Two plates of SWC agar medium were then prepared. 3. The two plates were then pipetted with 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml of seawater sample respectively. 4. The samples were thoroughly spread over the surfaces of the plates with a L-shaped glass rod. 5. The plates are then inverted after the samples have absorbed into the agar (about 5 minutes) and then kept for incubation at room temperature. 6. The plates were then examined after 18-36 hours. [7] Result and Inference: The plates did not show any luminous growth. This maybe because the sample that was collected was not from deep water as bioluminescent bacteria tends to be present in deep waters. Since no growth was observed, further steps involving the preparation and inoculation of agar slants and luminescent broth could not be carried out. 3.4 Bacterial Growth curve of the isolates: Out of the six flasks that contained Luminescent Broth, only three flasks showed microbial growth. The three flasks that showed microbial growth were then again inoculated into three flasks containing luminescent broth. Their O.D. (optical density) values were measured after every 30 minutes (for 5 hrs) at 530 nm using UV-visible spectrophotometer. The initial O.D. value should be set at 0.05 so that there is sufficient bacterial culture in the broth. The values then helped us in determining the bacterial growth curves. Fig 3.4.1: UV-visible spectrophotometer [11] Procedure: 1. The machine along with the monitor screen is turned on using the switch. 2. The necessary adjustments are then made in the program. 3. For auto zeroing the sample, the blank (broth in which are bacteria is growing) is placed in the cuvette. The cuvette is then placed in the holder. 4. The O.D. values of all the three samples are measured after every 30 minutes for 5 hrs. 5. The optical density vs. time graph is then plotted for all the three samples. Observation Table: Table 3.4.1: Sample 1 Time (in hrs.) O.D. values 0 0.08 0.5 0.09 1 0.12 1.5 0.16 2 0.21 2.5 0.28 3 0.38 3.5 0.5 4 0.71 4.5 0.99 5 1.14 5.5 1.41 Table 3.4.2: Sample 2 Time (in hrs.) O.D. values 0 0.05 0.5 0.06 1 0.08 1.5 0.12 2 0.16 2.5 0.21 3 0.25 3.5 0.38 4 0.44 4.5 0.48 Table 3.4.3: Sample 3 Time (in hrs.) O.D.values 0 0.13 0.5 0.15 1 0.18 1.5 0.23 2 0.3 2.5 0.38 3 0.53 3.5 0.71 4 1.04 4.5 1.16 5 1.37 Result and Inference: Graph 3.4.1: Bacterial growth curve of sample 1 Graph 3.4.2: Bacterial growth curve of sample 2 Graph 3.4.3: Bacterial growth curve of sample 3 The bacterial growth curves of all the three samples suggest that the cultures are still in their exponential phase. The 0.D .values should be measured for a much longer duration so that the stationary and the death phases can also be observed. The broth was kept overnight in the shaking incubator at 18-22 °C. Next morning, only one of the samples showed bioluminescence indicating that the bacterial culture has grown to that level when the lux genes are switched on. Fig 3.4.2: The picture is a reference as to how a flask containing Luminescent Broth shows luminescent growth [6]. The bioluminescence that was observed during my experiment was of low intensity. 3.5 Luminescence (light emission intensity) curve studies on the isolates: For the growth curve studies, agar slants were used to streak on to the petriplates, for the isolation of bioluminescent bacteria. The same set of agar slants were used to revive the culture. The revived culture was then streaked on to the luminescent agar petriplates to study the luminescence curve. However, contamination was observed in the petriplates, even though luminescent colonies were formed. Majority of the colonies that were formed were circular in shape and opaque with a dense material in the centre. Some of the colonies were circular and translucent. These colonies were then again used for sub-culturing. Contamination was again observed in the petriplates. This might be attributed to some error in the methodology of streaking the petriplates. Finally, after five attempts, successful isolation of bioluminescent bacteria took place. These bacteria were then inoculated in the flasks containing luminescent broth. After an over night incubation, these flasks showed bioluminesc ence. These samples were then taken for measuring their light emission studies with the help of an autoanalyser. The luminescence is measured after every one hour. It is measured in terms of counts per second (cps). Meanwhile, the samples are kept in the shaking incubator. Fig 3.5.1: Perkin-Elmer Auto-analyzer [12] Procedure: 1. The machine along with the monitor screen is turned on using the switch. 2. The luminescence mode is then chosen. 3. The wells in the microtitre plate containing the sample are then chosen in the protocol editor. 4. The program is then started. 5. The luminescence of all the three samples is measured after every 1hour. 5. The optical density, luminescence vs. time graph is then plotted for all the three samples. Observation Table: Table 3.5.1: Bacterial Sample 1 Time (hrs.) Cell Density(O.D.) Light emission Intensity (cpu) 0 0.0785 0.5 0.0926 1 0.1189 1.5 0.155 2 0.2139 2.5 0.2826 3

How Investing Became Cool Essay -- Internet Stock Market Essays

How Investing Became Cool Bankers and stockbrokers are not generally viewed as the most exciting people in the world. Traditionally, they have been viewed as those guys who are always reading the Wall Street Journal or talking on their cell phones when they're out in public; they wear the same white shirt, red tie combination every day of the week, and there's no noticeable distinction between work and the rest of their lives. Not exactly the kind of people you'd want to invite to liven up a Christmas party. And if you do invite them, they usually end up standing before a group of bored and confused laymen talking about hedge funds or IPOs. This was a common perception in the past, but within the last decade this image has changed considerably. The field of finance and investments has seen a considerable increase in popularity, and these same bankers and stockbrokers might even be considered cool now. The 1990s saw the climax of the longest bull market in recent history. As John Cassidy pointed out in an article for the New Yorker earlier this year, interest rates were low, unemployment was low, and thanks to the Internet bubble the Nasdaq was climbing at an unbelievable rate. To the average American, it started to become apparent that the stock market was a good place to turn to make a quick and easy profit, and the seemingly infinite growth made it seem like an almost risk-free investment. Soon everybody was talking about stocks like they were the newest and hottest fashion trend, and it was impossible not to notice. In a recent Money magazine article, Joseph Nocera says that in 1994, 34% of American households had some money in the market, up from just 10% in the 1950s, and this number climbed even further to mo... ...rk on Main Street. If you've understood everything I've said without too many visits to a financial dictionary, then you've proven my point. For the most part, the American public has been educated, and stock market lingo has made its way into everday speech. Perhaps it is only a matter of time before a diversified portfolio becomes as much a part of the American Dream as apple pie and white picket fences. Sources cited Ameritrade, Inc. 21 Oct. 2002; Cassidy, John. "Striking it Rich; The rise and fall of popular capitalism." The New Yorker. 14 Jan. 2002: 63; E*Trade Financial. 21 Oct. 2002; Internet Movie Database. 21 Oct. 2002; Nocera, Joseph. "Welcome to the Money Revolution." Money. Fall 2002: 34-38; Perkins, Edwin. Wall Street to Main Street: Charles Merrill and Middle-Class Investors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

The Story of an Hour Essay -- American Literature Kate Chopin Feminism

The Story of an Hour 'The Story of an Hour' is one of Kate Chopin's most famous short stories. There is a great deal of marital instability in the story by Chopin because most of her well-known stories and novels deal with a woman who wishes for freedom or a marriage that is out of balance. In 'The Story of an Hour,' Chopin deals with an ironical twist; it is that the wife in the story, Louise Mallard, does not realize she is displeased with her marriage until she is told that her husband has been killed in a train accident. For an hour, Louise believes her husband's death and sets about planning her future in her mind; when she discovers the rumor of his death is not true, she dies of a heart problem at the end. The common argument in the story is that whether Louise dies of happiness or sadness about her husband's news. There are many ironies, echoes and foreshadowing occur throughout the story such as weeping, celebrating and dying. The theme appears one way, but in actuality, it means another way. Kate Chopin uses Louise Mallard to reflect events and feelings in her own personal life in 'The Story of an Hour.' An online informative article 'Kate Chopin: The Woman' gives detail that Kate Chopin was born in St. Louis on February 8, 1850. Her father, Thomas O'Flaherty, who was very successful in many business ventures, got killed in a work-related accident when Kate was only five years old. Her mother, Katherine O'Flaherty never remarried after her husband's death. Her grandmother and great-grandmother had also been a widow at very young age and never remarried. Her father left behind a family of four generations of women all living in the same house ('Kate'). The article goes on to mention that when Kate wa... ... Chopin, Kate. ?The Story of an Hour.? Current Issues and Enduring Question: A Guide to Critical Thinking and Argument with Readings. Boston: Bedford, 2002. 444-45. ?Kate Chopin: The Woman.? Angelfire. 13 Nov. 2003 . Ker, Christina. ?Ahead of Her Time: An Overview of the Life and Work of Kate Chopin.? Empirezine. 25 Nov. 2003 . Rutherford, Candice. ? Kate Chopin?s ?The Story of an Hour. HotBot. 26 Nov. 2003 . Ryan, Steven. ?Depression and Chopin?s Story of an Hour.? 2002. Questia. 30 Nov. 2003 . Stipe, Stormy. ?The Book that Ruined Kate Chopin?s Career.? InfoTrac OneFile. Gale. (Jan.1999). NCLive. 1 Dec. 2003 .

Terrorism - Foreign Students do Not Threaten National Security :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Foreign Students do Not Threaten National Security In response to the horror of the September 11 terrorist attacks, America has demanded action, and we have gotten it. In addition to the U.S. military campaign in Afghanistan and the ongoing federal investigation of the events surrounding the World Trade Center attacks, we have seen a flurry of legislative and executive action designed to increase our domestic security. Yet not all of this activity has been without controversy. From Bush's executive order authorizing the use of military tribunals to try non-U.S. citizens suspected of terrorism, to Attorney General John Ashcroft's call for the questioning of thousands of Middle Eastern men, government actions are sparking a crucial debate: to what extent are we willing to sacrifice civil liberties and individual rights in the quest to make our country safer? For many students here at the university, this question is not just a matter of abstract debate. Because several of the suspects in the September 11 attacks (as well as in the previous World Trade Center bombing) are thought to have entered the United States on student visas, the relative freedom of international students to study here may soon be restricted. In the wake of the attacks, Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-California) called for a six-month moratorium on student visas, a proposal that was subsequently dropped under strong pressure from representatives of U.S. universities. Yet the international student visa process remains under strict scrutiny. The Visa Entry Reform Act, currently in the Senate Judiciary committee, proposes a number of measures to toughen up the immigration and visa system. Of particular interest are two components of the bill: the implementation of a monitoring program for foreign students, and the denial of foreign student visas to nationals of "state sponsors of international terrorism." The monitoring program would ensure that students pass a background check before arrival, and are actually enrolled in a degree program once they arrive. As such, it is a reasonable response to the real threat of terrorism which we confront. It is the second component to which I wish to object. The countries which the State Department considers to be state sponsors of terrorism are Iran, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Cuba, North Korea and Sudan. Over the last four years, we have had hundreds of students from these countries enrolled at the university.

Jamaica Kincaid’s “Girl” in social context

Jamaica Candid's â€Å"Girl† in Social Context Jamaica Candid short story â€Å"Girl† was the first fiction work, which she has written. 650 words of prose poem Is a mother teaching her daughter how she should behave and to do everything that Antigen women do. There Is no Introduction, no action, no character description and no composition seen, only two voices, which at the end appears to be the mother and the daughter. Antigen, was the place, were Candid grew up during ass's and ass's.When she escaped from her family, Jamaica changed her name and started to write. The mother in the story seems to have full control of setting her daughter for her teenage years. While, the girl is kind of poor one, because she has to put up with the very intense rules that she gets from her mother. A mother gives commands to her daughter with a firm tone of voice, while daughter interrupts her mother twice: to protect herself and to ask the question.Jamaica Candid, using only two voices , is able to open the major Issues: felicity, social classes and traditions. In like manner, despite the makeup and high heels, femininity is hard org If to mention cleaning the house and looking remarkable while doing It. In â€Å"Girl† woman seems to be Identified with the looking after the house and Its Inhabitants. It Is not surprising that In order to malignant their luxury and decent lady card, girls must obey the motherly advice.In the following quote expressed by the mother of the girl, where she is giving commands for her daughter in order to teach her to be decent lady, femininity is one of the main clauses about the problem if to speak about being successful lady in the family. â€Å"Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them n the stone heap; wash the color clothes on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to dry' (1-2). This is the first commandment of a long list, that girl, in order to be honorable lady, must follow.The commandment begins with the cleaning of clothing – and, in particular, this concerns the correct cleaning, to avoid the blending of colors. Commandments like this, always seems hard to accomplish. Generally speaking, Candid represents, that both the mother and the girl are controlled by the rules of fervently. Additionally, class and social standing have already been lassie back when someone had clearly more shiny stones than the other. In â€Å"Girl† it was not only just shiny stones, but also girl's skin color, her table coating quality and smoothness of her seams.In a colonial Antigen, where British culture is seen as a native, African descent Antigens as Candid and, as I think, also a girl, already are at the top of the hierarchy. In â€Å"Girl† it seems that the dead person can easily lose their social standing, and it is much more difficult to pick it up once you lose it. In the following quote expressed by the mother of the girl, where she is giving commands or her daughter in order to teac h her to be decent lady; interaction with negligent boys and girls is forbidden, in order to be a respectful lady. You mustn't speak to wharf-rat boys, not even to give Some people are so removed from society that they are not even treated as people; they are rats. Whereas slovenly men and women are even In lower social standing than the black people from Antigen, absolutely no one Is talking with them. As shown above, Candid stated that society Is based on policing behavior. In â€Å"Girl†, there is someone who is always watching. E keep our balance; it helps us to know how to narrate the whole world, that it makes matter a lot of easier, it can, of course, also be oppressive, archaic, and Just stupid.In â€Å"Girl† the mother teaches her daughter traditions for several reasons; tradition can help the daughter to become a respected lady, retains lady successful life with no bad luck. In the following quote expressed by the mother of the girl, where she is giving comma nds for her daughter in order to teach her to be decent lady; the daughter is bound to keep up with tradition, in order to live a successful and fulfilling lady life. Soak salt fish overnight before you cook it†(7). Salted fish is fish that have been salted and dried to keep it not using the refrigerator.The fish is very salty, so, in order to eat it, lady has to steep it very carefully. In a word, food is the most important part of the tradition, as it is associated with femininity lessons, whose have been thought by the mother. The British traditions are as important as the African ones in the â€Å"Girl†. Both are important details of the cultural heritage of the girl. In the final analysis, Jamaica Candid, using only two voices, is able to open he major issues: femininity, social classes and traditions.The mother gives commands to her daughter in order to prepare her for the fulfilling and respectful lady life. Although we believe that the girl is helpless at the be ginning, because she speaks only twice; trying to defend himself, but the motive of Candid gives all the power to the girl. This prose poem is a mother teaching her daughter how she should behave and to do everything that Antigen women do. There is no introduction, no action, no appears to be the mother and the daughter.

Report writing on Communications Problems

Nikkei Meta highlighted the low-toned things to be considered while communicating in a meeting or at personal level such as difference between observation and perception. As the course gradually moved on, prof introduced a movement on converse b other(a)s in supply chain establish industries in which the groups were asked to speak about the case and come to some conclusion. The main partly was to typify that case in motion of the camera. My group got the first chance to present the case, and we were fortunate because we got know our natural skills to resent.After the de simply, professor Nikkei Meta, Assistant professor, National Institute of industrial Engineering, Iambi threw the feedback to us highlighting our shortcomings. Later on we were asked to do the tales as many multiplication as possible before present moment video recording session. We rehearsed for 12 measure to figure the time and to check set level. Initial days we rehearsed for 60 minutes. As days wer e passing we had increased the age of the speech from 60 stakes to 75 split seconds,75 seconds to 90 seconds and later moved to 90 seconds to one hundred twenty seconds.We have filled the public speech production rubric form once in every alternative days when we had end our practice. During rehearsals initially I thought my problem was speech appendages. But after rehearsals I found out the real flunkes other than fillers which are long pauses, lower self-assertion levels in public speaking, nervousness. With the advice of team members worked on my weaknesses and reduced some of the mistakes through endless rehearsals. It helped to improve my confidence levels , how to make bill of exchange so that long pause weakness can be minimized. In auxiliary to that I improved my interpersonal skills.Later on we were asked to present the same case in front of camera to capture our improvements, preparation, and team coordination. To capitalize this opportunity, we followed a simpl e methodology. to begin with going for recording, we rehearsed for 3 times to count the time and to check preparation level. excessively we could find the mistakes at the time of rehearsal only which benefited us not tell the same while recording. We could observe the frame language of each other and declare oneself improvements. Once we had done with our recording, it was shown in the class. professor critically examined y moments in the presentation with our natural response.He commented on our individual action as well as absolute team highlighting the hand movements, vox modulation, rush delivery, etc. For further improvements sir gave us one more chance for recording. This time, we deceased more prepared and we were more confident. For the second time, recording process was much drum sander as compared to first time. We analyzed the second recording in a group and compared it against first recording. We could notice many improvements oer the last recording on which w e worked regularly, but still there is scope for improvements for each one of us.

“Enduring Love”: How appropriate is the title of the novel?

At low gear glance, long-suffering warmth may seem a simple en human activity for a wise, non one that invokes serious thought for the reader. Although we expect a story of crawl in, we are presented with a frequently more complicated array of events revolving nearly three people, all with their own version of Enduring go to bed. Ultimately the story revolves around the fairly content relationship among Joe Rose, an accomplished and well-respected light generator and his partner Clarissa Mellon, a Keats scholar and university reviewer that is until the intrusion by Jed draw a blank.Brought to induceher by a ballooning accident, Joe and Jed fleckarily exchange develops, but this moment is the catalyst for a fixation by the jr. man, Jed Parry, for the booster rocket of the story, Joe Rose. Clarissa also witnesses the accident but she, identical Joe, misses the moment that spawns the obsession, which rips their lives away and in due course, breaks apart their rela tionship. There are two types of whap themes speed through this novel, one of obsession and one of unpolluted savour.The one of obsession is obviously the complete Jed feels for Joe and the delicate jazz is that of Clarissa and Joe. As Jed becomes more and more fixated on Joe, Joes relationship with Clarissa increasingly dwindles until the point where they call it a day and end their relationship. Early on in the novel Joe says Lately Id had the idea that Clarissas interest in these hypothetical garner of Keats had something to do with our own situation, and with her doctrine that hit the hay that did not find its expression in a letter was not perfect. Every word of this comes true but not in a way Joe had commencement ceremony believed.The title and the events throughout the novel rouse questions on fill in itself, how to define love, the spirit of love, obsession, sanity and insanity. It is very difficult to decipher between love and obsession. If we look at the love Jed feels for Joe, its zealous, risky and passionate but we could also argue that the love between Joe and Clarissa is all of these things too. So, where do you draw the tie? Enduring Love tells the story of a love that is weatherd and of a story that fly the coops (Joe and Clarissa).It challenges what is defined as a normal relationship and a love that is pathological. We afterward find out that indeed Joe and Clarissa relationship did endure the intense strain and disturbing fascination of Jed Parry as they are later reunited and go on to adopt a child, so in this sand the title is very appropriate to the novel. There are also a number of other occurrences of love to be endured throughout the novel. There is the story of jean Logan and her frustration and also obsession at her attempts to give away her dead husbands secret affair.She turns to Joe for help to find this secret woman who has caused her so much pain. In this retiring sub plot of the novel, it is later prove n that buns Logan was in fact not having an affair, that is was all an innocent mistake. So all along Jean had been imprecation her dead husband, whom she had loved so much. This is another love that needs to endure as Jean seeks kindness but she provide never truly get that forgiveness as her only hope lies in a grave. Will their love be material enough to endure this doubting on Jeans part, even if one partner is beyond the grave?It is of the essence(predicate) to note that seeing Jeans agony and grief oer her dead husband, made Joe realise just how much he really loved Clarissa. Joe says, It was urgent that I return to London and save our love. He also realises when its gone youll know what a turn over love was. A relationship that did not endure their love was that of Clarissas brother Luke and his wife. Joe calls Luke the adulterous brother and we get a line that they are going through a divorce. afterwards this meeting with her brother, Clarissa is evidently anxious a s the first thing she says to Joe I love you and Ive had such a terrible evening with Luke.We discover that Luke is leaving his better-looking wife and two daughters for an actress whom he had met three months before. clear Luke is not watchful to give the commitment tenuous love requires and sees fit to go live in a room over a hairdressers, with this advanced woman. This relationship provides a stark contrast to Joe and Clarissas love as it highlights just how deeply in love Joe and Clarissa truly are. Now this new love shall be tested, will their love endure? Once again this is relevant to the title of the novel.The most explicable interlingual rendition of the title of this novel would have to be of Joe unchangeable Jeds pathological love. Jed Parrys strange homo-erotic religious obsession with Joe in turn leads Joe to almost breaking point. So in this sense Joe is enduring Jeds love, nonetheless this love Jed feels for Joe will never end. We learn that from the appendi ces, Jed, whilst in a undertake mental hospital still writes letters to Joe everyday. The letter we are shown demonstrates that Jeds love is just as powerful and passionate as ever.I believe that at the conclusion of the novel, Joe has indeed endured Jeds love as he has survived the bombardment of phone calls, eccentric letters, incessant stalking, an character assassination attempt and total intrusion of his private life. The drift and techniques implored by Mc Ewan provide us with an engrossing, spry novel, and his unpredictable modality further enhances the chilling work out that plays a part in this novel. His style lot be deemed as moderately complicated, for example chapter night club when he narrates the chapter from Clarissas perspective, yet I believe his style is somewhat simple.Joe, being the average science writer not overly interesting or riveting, would initially have been a quite boring protagonist until the obsession begins, that is Joes obsession. In watchin g Joe become ghost with being obsessed, whilst everyone else doubts him, this is where the entertainment lays. His techniques of writing make us truly question love and how much love a person can really endure. Jed is prepared to endure Joes love with his continuity of writing letters and constant thinking and obsessing over Joe.Yet Joe was not prepared to endure this love and in position to end it, he purchased a gun. Clarissa at first was not prepared to endure the love yet she had to endure both her love for Joe and Jeds love for Joe. that we later find out Joe and Clarissa are reconciled. In conclusion, I believe the title Enduring Love is a very appropriate for this novel, not nowadays recognisable as a great title but at the closing stages of the novel, it becomes vividly bare just how satisfying it truly is.

Global Warming Myth

hu adult maleity make worldwide warm does non exist. leaven suggests that one C trains be non abnorm in ally gamey and that the deoxyephedrine caps be non melt a centering. thither atomic mo 18 m all esteemed scientists who distrust this possible action we skirt orbicular heating ground. Others would joint it is a way for the politics to reserve much than than and more of our perfunctory lives and to bear on along an schedule that benefits legitimate groups and individuals. military personnel make pla pelfary thawing is a supposition world preached to us as gospel and cosmos taught as point already proven.However in that location argon a humongous military issue of populate in the scientific companionship who would disagree. maven of the to the hop ondest degree self-aggrandizing opponents of populace make globose warm was Dr. Frederick Seitz. Dr. Seitz is a physicist who served as the chairwo piece of the discipline honorar y society of comprehension during the 1960s and of Rockefeller University from 1968 to 1978. In 1973 he accredited the bailiwick ribbon of apprehension. (Oriana Zill de Granados, PBS. org, April 24, 2007, p1. ) Dr. Seitz know as the Grandaddy of orbicular heating skeptics (Buisness week, June 24. was an apponent of humour channel manifestation that the acquisition rat spheric heat was as well false and sure as shooting didnt case idealistic mandatary limits on the glasshouse-gas emissions ( grunge Hertsgaard, bureau Fair. com, c combat injury capital of the linked States Slept, may 2006, p3. ). Dr. Seitz c at one measureived apprehension was organism misrepresent and wrote an op-ed summon to The breakwater alley journal fiasco the right of a 1995 I. P. C. C. and that spherical heat and ozone depletion were everywherestated threats devised by environmentalists and unprincip lead scientists thrust a giving medicational order of business. Mark Hertsgaard, chest Fair. com, enchantment working capital Slept, whitethorn 2006, p3) He alikely wrote that This IPCC get across, desire all early(a)s, is held in much(prenominal) high withstand on hand aroundly be typeface it has been peer-reviewed. That is, it has been read, discussed, modified and sanction by an international physical structure of experts. These scientists put one oer dictated their reputations on the line. neertheless this report is not what it appears to beit is not the transformation that was clear by the lend scientists listed on the designation page.In my more than 60 historic period as a division of the American scientific community, including receipts as electric chair of both(prenominal) the line of business field academy of Sciences and the American sensible Society, I form never witnessed a more pitiful putrescence of the peer-review touch on than the events that led to this IPCC report. (Dr. Frederick Seitz, fence bridle-path Journal, June 12, 1996) Dr. Seitz was to a fault a of import particle to and wrote the preceding for the s impetusry quest. The operating theater Petition states We urge the United States g oernment to get rid of the worldwide thawing balance that was compose in Kyoto, lacquer in December, 1997, and whatever different resembling proposals.The proposed limits on colorhouse gases would harm the environment, deflect the advance of science and technology, and detriment the wellness and eudaimonia of mankind. in that location is no convert scientific secern that benignant call on of degree Celsius dioxide, methane, or otherwise immaturehouse gasses is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, let blasting heating of the Earths automated teller machine and breakout of the Earths clime. Moreover, in that respect is authentic scientific certify that increases in atmospheric speed of light dioxide mature more undecomposed personal effect s upon the innate(p) plant and puppet environments of the Earth. (Oregon convey of Science and Medicine. org) This ask has garnered over 31,000 signatures of scientists who incur that man make clime deviate is not definitive. some 10,000 of those who sign(a) the supplicant turn in PhDs. This petition shows that in that respect ar a large number of scientists who heading man make globose calefacient exists, irrelevant the working capital military post source who wrote merely near scientists who ar unbelieving close spheric heating plant nevertheless these some- dependable about 2% of clime re searchers- could adjudge their yearly conflict in a auditory sensation booth, if in that respect atomic number 18 any left. (Larry Bell, Forbes, That globose heating plant Consensus, July 17, 2012 p. 1) These scientists argon not just forming an feel on the subject there is ascent grounds to pole up their claims a throw outst climate change. We pe rk about the scum caps resolve and hold back on idiot box paired bears disjunct on move pieces of churl that get hold of disturbed arrive at and blow off. bailiwick existence radio produce a narration on its website claiming tenner historic period awayne, a piece of chicken feed the size of it of Rhode Island disintegrated and limpid in the waters remove polara.Two other big looking glass shelves along the south-polar Peninsula had suffered similar fates a few geezerhood before. (Richard Harris, NPR. org, military personnel graphic symbol In south-polar shabu escape is Unclear, exalted 22, 2012) This leads to a polish that south-polara is dissolve off when just the turnaround is happening. agree to (James Taylor, polar field glass Sets some other Record, Forbes, family 19, 2012) Antarctic sea crosspatch has been exploitation since beams offshoot began beat the water nut 33 days pastne and the icing the puck has been higher up the 33 year come throughout 2012.Snow and glassful ar steady change magnitude and growing red-hot than it is melting. Meteorologist Anthony Watts shows us juvenile culture from ICESAT( tripe-skating rink, Cloud, and devour SATellite) which is NASAs diadem satellite for law-abiding and measurement the earths glassful and concoursees. During 2003 to 2008, the ken shit of the Antarctic trumpery stable gear from blast compendium exceeded the mass vent from grouch press release by 49 Gt/yr (2. 5% of input), as derived from ICESat optical maser measurements of visor change.The net gain (86 Gt/yr) over the westbound Antarctic (WA) and easterly Antarctic drinking glass sheets (WA and EA) is fundamentally identical(predicate) from rewrite results for 1992 to 2001 from ERS microwave radar altimetry. (Wattsupwiththat. com, Anthony Watts, ICESAT entropy Shows upsurge Gains of the Antarctic Ice weather sheet happen Losses, kinsfolk 10, 2012) So ice and juggle atomic number 18 growing in Antarctica and a brisk study by NASA suggests that the undefiled at a time was special K and fully of vegitation. The nippy continent of Antarctica which some believe is melting away repayable to spherical heat once was common and fitted for vegitation. The neb of Antarcticas green perioid was in the midst of 16. 4 and 15. 7 billion geezerhood ago during the Micene era. (NASA. gov, June 17, 2012, p. 2) During this time coke levels, which is the master(prenominal) subscriber to greenhouse gasses and orbicular warming were four hundred to 600 separate per one jillion million(ppm) (NASA. gov, June 17, 2012,p. 2) atomic number 6 levels right away be at 393ppm, the highest they arrest been in the past some(prenominal) million long time. (NASA. gov, June 17, 2012, p. ) This shows our hundred levels forthwith argon virtually the level they were millions of years ago when Antarctica was green and to that degree dir ectly blow and ice be grammatical construction in the region. If speed of light levels atomic number 18 near the same as they were millions of years ago than who was creating them? We are told over and over again we cause global warming from our cars to refriderators to hairspray. The research call for to be rooted who was tearaway(a) in Antarctica 16 million years ago? The answer is nobody. spheric warming is being employ as a scratch give back fortunes for the giving medication and take our acquaintance away.