Tips For Writing Flawless Economics Essays

Tips For Writing Flawless Economics Essays Economics Essay: Crafting an Impressive Essay When in college and studying economics, at some point you will be required to come up with an economic essay. To make it substantial, you need to provide points of arguments and back them up with evidence to support their validity. In order to come up with a first-class essay, you first need to conduct extensive research for your work, structure a thesis for your work and create an outline that will ensure your work is logical. An economic essay relies on facts and each point made concerning the topic of discussion should be supported appropriately, and creativity used to give room for more interpretation and understanding by the reader. Below is a step by step guide that will help you in the writing of an impressive economics essay. Requirements of an Economics Essay Most of the economics essays are posted in terms of the question. After getting your topic, read it through several times until you are conversant with it. Additionally, if you do not understand it properly, do not hesitate to consult your professor. When you understand it, write it down on a sticky note and stick it where you can see and refer to it. Also, highlight the keywords in the provided instructions. It is a sure way of reminding yourself to stick to the required information related to the topic throughout your writing. Conduct Thorough Research Only start your research process when you have familiarized and understood the topic you are to discuss. Several essays only require the information in your textbook for them to be well answered. Just in case you find the information not sufficient, you can refer to the reference section of the book and use the provided sources to conduct more research. All in all, don’t forget that your professor is there to guide you. Use his knowledge and understanding to your advantage and consult where necessary. As you do your research, you are bound to find some unfamiliar terms. Do not take them for granted, try and find their meanings to gain a better understanding of them. Additionally, keep in mind that you are to tick to the main topic of discussion. When you are reading through your source materials, keep to the materials related to your work and avoid any information that is unrelated. Create a Plan for Your Writing After you are done conducting research and you have collected a sufficient amount of evidence and relative backup arguments, you should start thinking of how to write your economics essay. It is prudent to insist and repeat that when it comes to economics essay, you cannot deviate from the topic of discussion throughout the whole essay.   Having a concise plan will help you achieve this. However, do not confuse an essay plan as your outline for writing an essay. Both are different, and its still too early to start thinking about an essay outline at this point. The essay plan consists of a rough draft of the key point that you need to address in your essay. Listing them is important in helping you distinguish the most relevant, from the irrelevant and therefore use the required information in writing your economics essay. Arrange Your Material After you have come up with the essential materials that you are to put in your economics essay, you should arrange them in order to achieve a logical flow of ideas. This will help in the writing of your final draft since the ideas are well put and the narrations of your arguments are smooth. Have in mind the outline of an essay which is the introduction, main body paragraphs, and the conclusion section. When structuring your main body paragraphs, consider the length of paper you are required to submit.   This will ensure that you don’t squeeze your words in ways that will make the point vague and not understandable. It is easier to put a central focus on key issues, and only fill them with brief, but straight to the point arguments. Introduce Your Essay After putting together your research materials and you have a clear understanding of the topic you are to discuss, you can now embark on writing your economics essay.   The crucial but still technical part of writing an essay is the introduction, and that of an economic essay is no different.   It is recommended that you handle this part of the essay first and be done with it. It will also serve as a guideline of how you are to write your body paragraphs and still stick to the topic of discussion. An introduction for an economic essay serves as an extended and broadened version of your main argument that you formulated on the rough draft about your main points. Outline your Main Body Paragraphs After you have successfully broadened your main argument for the economic essay in the introduction part, you have already set the tone for what the reader is to expect as the read your work. Do not forget to stick to the main topic of discussion while writing your body paragraphs. At this point, assemble a more comprehensive outline of your main body paragraphs. This was already done when you arranged your research information in a logical order on a rough draft. For the final copy, you should do the same to ensure you work has a logical flow of the ideas you have presented. Ensure that each point of view and the related argument are done each in their own paragraphs. Your outline should be made of a single sentence addressing your point of view, and several citations that act as a source of material to justify your argument. Writing the Main Body Paragraphs Using the outline created for your main body of the essay, you will easily write the body paragraphs. The only thing left to do is expounding your main points with well-structured arguments from different sources as back up to make the work factual and creative. In simple terms, your body paragraphs will start with the main sentences you came up with in your essay outline and the evidence you gathered from the research materials you used. It is important to stress that the narration of your essay should have a logical flow of ideas and offer each piece of information clearly and straight forward. Make use of transition sentences at the end of each body paragraph to connect on body paragraph to the other for the achievement of a logical connection. Use Compelling Evidence For Your Work A point to note is that an economic essay clearly relies on facts and data as compared to other essays within diverse disciplines. This means that quoting what an author said will not be enough to support your point of view. Avail to the reader specified statistics, facts, and figures. The factual evidence is the argumentative part of your economic essay that gives your work its essence. This should engage you to ensure that every single argument you put across for the main sentences of your body paragraphs is complemented with facts and statistical evidence. Write the Conclusion After you have written your body paragraphs of the economic essay you are working on, consider this the end of discussion for the main part of your essay. What remains now is a summative narrative that briefly reminds the reader of the important points put across and their validity. A concrete conclusion is important as it helps consolidate the trust of the reader in your work and point of argument. This will give the reader a conclusive general impression of the work they are reading. A weak conclusion should be avoided as the reader will remain unimpressed and the work presented won’t be relevant to them thus a waste of time on both sides. Think of a conclusion as a summative part of your whole essay. This is the thought you let your reader leave with after reading and contemplate about as they carry out their own businesses. The best way of creating a good conclusion is restating the central argument that you expressed in the introduction of your economic essay. Read through Your Draft It is naive to think that your work is done when you completed writing your essay. You should always polish your paper to make it worth a read and be sure that you will receive good grades. However, it is too early, to begin with proofreading your work for errors related to spellings, punctuation or grammar. After concluding your work, focus on reading through your work to be sure that each detail presented in your main body paragraphs are associated with the topic. Also, ensure that they are backed up by credible evidence from reliable sources. Any deviations should be cut off the main work. As we said earlier, quality work does not rely on the number of words, but on the preciseness and factual illustration of your written economics essay. Do a Review of the Consistency of Your Writing After confirming the relevance of your information to your topic and each argument is structured according to the source material, you need now to question the sufficiency of the information presented. To start off, ensure that the main argument is clear and understandable to the reader.   Double check its legibility and understanding to the target audience. Make sure that you eliminate any hint of ambiguity to make your economics essay worth a good grade. Another point to consider should be the application of this principle to the entire essay. You should avoid making the reader question the need for some piece of information in your essay, or what it proves relating to your topic of discussion. Proofread for Spelling and Grammar Polishing your work should be the last step in ensuring your economics essay has been well articulated and structured, and all errors have been resolved accordingly.   This involves correcting all forms of grammatical, punctuation, or spelling errors. This will ensure that your grades are not tanked by such mistakes, and the reader does not end up disappointed in the essay you have written. You should keep in mind that no matter how different your major is from language studies, resolving errors in your work is important because by overlooking them, you stand to lose substantial marks that will affect your grade. Make sure you follow the right instruction and hand in a well-written essay that is both impressive and creative.

Should You Send Old or New SAT Scores Expert Guide

Should You Send Old or New SAT Scores Expert Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've taken the old SAT and the redesigned SAT, you may be wondering which scores you should send to colleges. Should you send all your scores? Should you just send your results from the test with the highest average section scores? In this article, I'll explain the factors to consider when determining whether you should send old or new SAT scores. General Differences Between Old and New SAT Scores The old SAT was out of 2400 and the new one is out of 1600. The new SAT combines Reading and Writing into one section score out of 800. Reading and Writing were two separate sections on the old SAT, and both were out of 800. Also, the essay was a mandatory component of the Writing section on the old SAT. Now, the essay is optional- it's its own section and it doesn't impact your overall SAT score. Some schools will require the essay on the new SAT, so check the requirements of the colleges you're applying to. Here's a more thorough breakdown of the old SAT vs. the new one. Most Schools Accept Both the Old and New SATs For the classes of 2017 and 2018, the vast majority of schools will accept scores from the old SAT and the redesigned SAT, but make sure you check the specific policies for the schools you’re applying to. You have to send the scores that the school will accept, and while most colleges will accept scores from either version, some may only accept scores from the new SAT. For example, Yale will accept scores from the old SAT for the classes of 2017 and 2018, but will only accept scores from the new SAT for the classes of 2019 and beyond. Northwestern will accept scores from the old test for the class of 2017, but it's one of the few schools that won't accept scores from the old test for the class of 2018. Look at each school’s website to find its requirements. If you can’t find information there, call the admissions office. Some colleges may only accept scores from the new SAT. Why Does It Matter Which Scores You Send? If you’ve taken the old SAT and the current SAT, you may think that you can send scores from both tests and that colleges will just consider your highest section scores or your highest overall score. Actually, though, that may not be true. Most Schools Don't Superscore Between the Old and New SAT Superscoring is the process by which colleges consider your highest section scores across all dates you took the SAT. Even schools that do superscore are unlikely to do so between the old test and the current one. If you did better on Reading on the old test and better on Math on the new one, colleges probably won't consider both section scores when evaluating your SAT scores. New SAT Scores Are Slightly Inflated Also, schools most likely won’t just focus on the higher overall score between the two tests because scores on the new test are somewhat inflated. For example, an 1100 on the new SAT is equivalent to a 1020 on the Critical Reading and Math sections of the old SAT. Therefore, if you averaged 550 per section on the new SAT and a 520 per section on the old SAT, you actually did better on the old SAT despite having a higher score on the new one. What matters to colleges isn't your score but how well you did relative to other college applicants. What Should You Do? Here are the various options you have if you’re deciding between sending your old scores and new scores. Send Both You’ll have to use this option for colleges that require you to send all your scores. If you're given a choice, sending scores from the old test and the new one may be a good option if you did significantly better on Reading or Math on one test vs. the other, but your overall scores were comparable. Even if the school won’t superscore between the two tests, they’ll be less likely to think you have any skill deficiencies. For example, let’s say you got a 650 in Math on the old test and a 500 in Critical Reading. If, on the new test, you got a 620 on Reading and Writing and a 550 on Math, your overall scores would be similar, but the old test would show much stronger math skills and the new test results would show stronger reading comprehension. Therefore, you can send both if your section scores on the different versions of the test show different strengths or minimize your weaknesses. Also, you may want to send both if you reached your target scores on both the old and the new tests. If you got a 2300 on the old test and a 1590 on the new test, feel free to send both scores. Showing good scores on two different tests may be more impressive to colleges. Use Concordance Tables and Send the Best Score Remember that the scores on the new SAT aren’t equivalent to those on the old SAT; the scores on the new test are slightly higher. Therefore, the SAT has created concordance tables to convert new scores to old scores and vice versa. You can use these tables to determine which score is best and then send the best score. This option probably makes the most sense for the majority of students. Send the Old SAT The argument for just sending your scores from the old SAT is that colleges are much more familiar with the old SAT and may be able to more easily interpret your scores. This could be a good option for students who did the same or better on the old SAT. Because scores on the new SAT are slightly inflated, an equivalent score on the old SAT is more impressive. What's Next? If you've taken the ACT, check out this post for conversion tables from the ACT to the old and new SAT. If you're studying for the new SAT, learn why using Khan Academy isn't enough. Finally, check out this post to understand the importance of the SAT. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Nutrition and Body Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nutrition and Body Composition - Essay Example Whole body composition comprises both fat-free body mass (FFM) and total body fat. The former is inclusive of water, bone matter and muscle and the latter pertains to essential fat and storage (stored) fat. Accordingly, Heyward and Stolarczyk (1996) assert that whole-body composition is of interest in terms of sports and exercise, obesity assessment and control of body weight. Of specific importance is the need to consistently ensure that total body fat is maintained at an optimal level (Heyward & Stolarczyk, 1996:4). The total body fat element is critical to optimal human physiological capacity. Thus, too little fatness, as is witnessed in individuals with eating disorders and exercise addiction as well as those with certain diseases, e.g. cystic fibrosis, can eventually result in a serious physiological dysfunction (Heyward & Stolarczyk, 1996:5-6). Through different body density measurements, which utilise established equations and corrections, one is able to calculate the ratio of fat-free mass to fat mass in a human body. This is based upon the ‘much lower density’ of the prevailing fat compartment in terms of their ratio (Heyward & Stolarczyk, 1996:8). However, concerning FFM, the bone matter is denser than the muscle structure. This may lead to the over-estimation of the fat percentage present. This is if there is either relative increase in the body muscle mass (during training) or relative loss of the prevailing bone density as found in individuals suffering from osteoporosis (Heyward & Stolarczyk, 1996:9). A variety of avenues are available through which effective body composition can be measured. This is especially in regard to the ‘approximate’ measurement of body fat percentage present. The most commonly employed method is through use of gun calipers, in measuring the subcutaneous fat thickness at various places on the body. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), on

HR speech and written report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HR speech and written report - Essay Example The challenge in this case is that if it decides to look for labor offshore, it risks thrashing from the Clothing workers Union (CWU) and the government that has invested a lot of funds into the clothing industry so as to enable the sector offer employment to the local population. According to Czenter (2010), clothing and textile industry is one of the highest employing industries especially for the low skilled labor force in a majority of the countries. Similarly, for OZ as a company that wants to continue being in business must appreciate the role they play in the industry and should, instead of dodging reality, adapt to techniques that will see them make profit while at the same time ensure work tenure for their labor force. The FWA has a core mandate of ensuring the security of workers tenures. In this regard, it will make it its business to indulge in the affairs of OZ clothing so long as they, in any way, try to curtail the working conditions of the workers. OZ clothing faces stiff industrial relations in as far as its case is concerned. With FWA at its neck, it has to work with the labor force it has. It is critical that other strategies other than cutting the services of the labor force must be adopted. It is essential that OZ clothing must become more innovative so that its clothing products meet the competitive threshold in the market so that they can favorably compete with those from other regions like China. Just as (Czenter,2010) notes in her Essay , â€Å"labor market and globalization† that reduction of work force does not mean that customers will cease to demand the same level of output or even the same quality of the product, it thus becomes necessary that OZ restructure to become relevant in the market. This they can do by engaging in value addition strategy. Their clothe lines should appear to have superior to those offered in the market by other players like the

Kit Kat Company Essay Example for Free

Kit Kat Company Essay 1: INTRODUCTION Kit Kat started in August 29 in 1935 in York by Rowntree, in 1973 Kit Kat entered in Japan market. In 1988, Nestle took over the Kit Kat ( Kit Kat, 2014). Today, Kit Kat is very successful in Japan, Kit Kat has more then two hundred different products in Japan, it help Kit Kat get more and more market share in Japan( Kit Kat, 2014). More and more people think Kit Kat is like a logo in Japan, because there are some special Kit Kat products only selling in Japan. Kit Kat success in Japan is the fact, but why Kit Kat is successful in Japan, it must be affect with generic strategy. Kit Kat using the right strategy to help them success. Generic strategy is very important for the company, it will help the company increase the competitive. When the Kit Kat choose the right generic strategy, it will help the company more stronger, they can get more market shares, help the company to be successful. 2. Generic Strategy Generic strategy was described by Micheal Porter in 1979, Porter’s generic strategy is talking about how a company increase the competitive advantage in their chosen market. There are three generic strategy, cost leadership, differentiation or focus, focus is about two different way, cost focus or differentiation focus (Oxlearn.com, 2014). Cost leadership strategy means save the cost in the organization help the company to increase the competitive advantage. For example: Wal-Mart, they are using cost leadership, they are very successful, they find the cheap domestic suppliers and from low-wage foreign markets, they keep the cost and using  the lower price selling to the customers (Small Business Chron.com, 2014). Differentiation strategy means a company using many different products to increase the competitive advantage and get more market shares. For example, Apple company is a very successful in the world, they have many different products, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac, Watch, etc. They are using different products to improve themselves, help the company to get more customers and market shares. Focus strategy is including cost focus and differentiation focus. The different with cost focus and differentiation focus is focus the cost or products differentiation. Cost focus is focus the cost, use the lower cost to improve the competitive advantage. Differentiation focus is a company try to produce the different products in the new market take the company more stronger, increasing the competitive advantage. Kit Kat is a successful company in the world, they are using cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy. There are some reasons for why Kit Kat chosen cost leadership strategy. Lower cost raw materials. Kit Kat owned by Nestle SA. Kit Kat is selling chocolate, when they making the products, the need the raw materials, for example: sugar, milk, coffee and cocoa. Nestle SA is doing business with this raw materials, so they can use the cheaper prices to get the raw materials (MarketWatch, 2014). That will help the company to reduce the cost, it means Kit Kat can use the lower price to selling their product and keep the profit, increase the competitive advantage. Retail. In January 15 2014, the world’s first Kit Kat opened in Tokyo (Ashcraft, 2014). Before 2014, Kit Kat do not have any store, they only selling in the other shops. All of the customer can buy the Kit Kat from the supermarket or shops. It can help the company save the cost. They are selling in the supermarket can help the company, they do not need to hire more employees and open the own shop they need to spend more cost. Today they opened the first store in Tokyo, but customer also can buy the Kit Kat from the supermarket or in other shops, it can help the company get more customer and increase the competitive advantages. There are some reasons for why Kit Kat chosen differentiation strategy. The strategy customer. Kit Kat has more then 200 different products in Japan. There are more then forty products are only selling in Japan, for example: Wasabi, Strawberry Cheesecake, Lemon Vinegar, and Cucumber (Break with Kit Kat, 2014). Kit Kat  produces many different products, that is achieve the differentiation strategy, they try to use the differentiation to improve the company. Different people has different taste, need and want, so different will get more and more customer to buy the products, different product is suitable to different customers. That is the reason why different products can increase the competitive advantage for the company. All of the different products have their own package, different colour and different weight. In 1942, Kit Kat fist time selling the blue Kit Kat in the market, in 1949, Kit Kat start to selling red Kit Kat in the market, after that, Kit Kat produced more and more different Kit Kat, for example, in 1990s Kit Kat start to selling the Nestle Macintosh Corporation ( Kit Kat, 2014). Japan is a developed country, people want to improve the quality of life, so they need more different products, they want more different experience. Everyones life is different, so they have different demand, students, workers and old people have different need, today you can find much more different Kit Kat in Japan, anyone can choose different Kit Kat for them. Different Kit Kat has own colour, people like different colour, so different colour can keep different customer and different weight is suitable for different customer, for example, if one family like eating Kit Kat, they need more weight, can help them save time, do not need to buy many times, so bigger weight is suit for them. Key competito rs. Kit Kat is doing business with chocolate, but there are some chocolate industry in the world, for example:Ferrero brands, Mars brands and Cadbury brands. They are also doing the business with chocolate, the are also very successful, so Kit Kat need to improve the competitive advantage. Other brand do not have much different products, but Kit Kat have many different products, it will help Kit Kat easy to get the customer. Kit Kat is owned by Nestlà © SA which also owns a range of other product brands, from 2007 to 2012, the market share only changed 0.7%, that mean differentiation help the Kit Kat keep the market shares (Break with Kit Kat, 2014). Kit Kat’s target market is men and women of all ages, so different products can help Kit Kat keep the market shares. All of the chocolate company selling the products in Japanese market, the number of customers is fixed, so Kit Kat is using differentiation strategy to increase the competitive advantage, when Kit Kat  fight with other company in the market, they are more stronger, they can get more market shares, help the company more successful. 3. Ebola and Kit Kat Ebola virus is an infectious disease, this disease has a high risk of death (Who.int, 2014). First cases notified in March 2014 in west Africa.(Who.int, 2014). It affect the price of cocoa, in November the price of cocoa up twenty percent, before November it was up to thirty-five percent to forty percent (PBS NewsHour, 2014). West Africa is the worlds largest cocoa origin, when Ebola virus found in west Africa, that affect the cocoa trade, many farmer in Ebola virus disease, because this disease has a high risk of death, so much of the farmer died of Ebola virus disease, so they lose a lot of labor, they do have enough people to working with the cocoa, so the chocolate company can not buy the enough cocoa, demand higher then supply, the price of cocoa will going up. In USA, all of the price of chocolate increase ten cents for each Kit Kat. Kit Kat is a chocolate company, cocoa is the most important raw material, they need the cocoa to make the chocolate, but the price of cocoa going up, so they need to spend more cost on the cocoa, but they did not pass all the cost to the customers, so in 2014 the sales slump seven percent (FoodNavigator-USA.com, 2014). Kit Kat can use operational level strategy. Operational level strategy A plan that details how a business will use its production resources to meet its goals. Many business managers will put together a detailed operation strategy in order to clearly present to subordinate staff their plans for how their portion of the business should function in order to attain its objectives (BusinessDictionary.com, 2014). The price of cocoa up around twenty percent is about the global economy, so all of the chocolate companies are increase the costs, they also need the cocoa to produce the products. If Kit Kat is using cost same like other time, they also want to keep the profit, they must transfer the cost to the customer, it means increase the price of the Kit Kat, but Kit Kat can choose to reduce the cost in the transport or other please, they also can find the cocoa supplies from other countries, help them to reduce the cost. Seventy percent cocoa from west Africa, there are also thirty percent cocoa they can find, using the cocoa from other may be is cheaper, try to save the cost in the other places, for example: package,  or transportation. Kit Kat can find the cheaper other raw materials, help the company to reduce the cost. When Kit Kat try to save the cost in other places, do not increase the price of products, they can increase the competitive advantage, help the company keep the customer and market shares. 4. Conclusion Kit Kat is a very successful company in Japan. Kit Kat is start from 1935 to now, Kit Kat has 79 years history. In this 79 years, Kit Kat from a small business becoming this successful company, because they are using the right strategy, right strategy can help the company service and becoming more stronger. They have more the four hundred different products, they can fight with the Ferrero brands, Mars brands and Cadbury brands, and becoming same with that brands, even more successful in Japan. Different strategy suit for different situation and different company, there is not best strategy, there is only suitable strategy, a strategy may be can take the company more and more successful or closed. 5. List of References Kit Kat. 2014. KitKat History. [ Online]. Available from: http://nestle.jp/brand/kit/about/history/ [Accessed 22 DEC 2014]. Oxlearn.com, (2014) Oxford Learning Lab Watch it Learn it Badge it. [ Online]. Available from: http://www.oxlearn.com/arg_Marketing-Resources-Porter%27s-Generic-Strategies_11_33 [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Small Business Chron.com, (2014) Examples of Cost Leadership Strategy Marketing. [ Online]. Available from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-cost-leadership-strategy-marketing-12259.htm l [Accessed 28 December 2014]. MarketWatch, (2014) Nestle keeps view on raw material inflation. [ Online]. Available from: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nestle-keeps-view-on-raw-material-inflation-2012-08-09 [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Ashcraft, B. (2014) The Worlds First Kit Kat Store Is Opening in Tokyo, Kotaku. [ Online]. Available from: http://kotaku.com/the-worlds-first-kit-kat-store-is-opening-in-tokyo-1501753395 [Accessed 28 December 2014]. Break with Kit Kat, (2014) Global Business Strategy. [ Online]. Available from: http://breakwithkitkat.weebly.com/global-business-strategy.html [Accessed

Emerson :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Emerson graduated from Harvard University at the age of 18 and for the next three years taught school in Boston. In 1825 he entered Harvard Divinity School, and the next year he was certified to preach by the Middlesex Association of Ministers. Even with ill health, Emerson delivered occasional lecture in churches in the Boston area. In 1829 he became minister of the Second Church (Unitarian) of Boston. That same year he married Ellen Tucker, who died 17 months later. On Christmas Day, 1832, he left the United States for a tour of Europe. He stayed for some time in England, where he made the associate of such British literary notables as Walter Savage Landor, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Thomas Carlyle, and William Wordsworth. His meeting with Carlyle marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his return to the United States in 1833, Emerson settled in Concord, Massachusetts, and became active as a lecturer in Boston. His lectures including â€Å"The Philosophy of History,† â€Å"Human Culture,† â€Å"Human Life,† and â€Å"The Present Age† were based on material in his Journals (published posthumously, 1909-1914), a collection of comments and notes that he had begun while a student at Harvard. Emerson applied these ideas to cultural and logical problems in his 1837 lecture â€Å"The American Scholar,† which he delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. In it he called for American intellectual independence. A second address, commonly referred to as the â€Å"Address at Divinity College,† delivered in 1838 to the graduating class of Cambridge Divinity College, produce great controversy because it attacked formal religion and argued for self-reliance and unconscious spiritual experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first volume of Emerson's Essays (1841) includes some of his most popular works. It contains History, Self-Reliance, Compensation, Spiritual Laws, Love, Friendship, Prudence, Heroism, The Over-Soul, Circles, Intellect, and Art. The second series of Essays (1844) includes â€Å"The Poet,† â€Å"Manners,† and â€Å"Character.† In it Emerson tempered the hopefulness of the first volume of essays, placing less importance on the self and acknowledging the limitations of real life. Emerson succeeded her as editor in 1842 and remained in that capacity until the journal ceased publication in 1844. In 1846 his first volume of Poems was published (dated, however, 1847).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emerson again went abroad from 1847 to 1848 and lectured in England, where he was welcomed by Carlyle. Several of Emerson's lectures were later collected in the volume representative men (1850), which contains essays on such figures as Greek philosopher Plato, Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg, and French writer Michel Eyquem de Montaigne.

Analysis of Subways internal and external environments Essay

This essay will analyse the organisation Subway’s internal and external environments and their impacts on this organisation. This will include a swot analysis on resources and capabilities which are a part of the internal environment and on customers, suppliers, competitors, pressure groups, economic, political, technological, natural environment and emerging trends in the external environment. â€Å"A SWOT Analysis is a useful technique for understanding your Strengths and Weaknesses, and for identifying both the Opportunities open to you and the Threats you face† MindTools. com (2013). Internal environment Resources: 1. The Workforce Strengths – Subway restaurants operate out of over 36,000 locations in 99 different countries. Subway is an equal opportunity employer, where every employee can be assured that they will be treated with respect and not be discriminated or harassed for any reason. They continuously provide employees with training and encouragement through teamwork, against shared goals and benchmarks and to be accountable for their actions. Weaknesses – Many subway employees are younger generations and are particularly inexperienced in the workplace. This can be a weakness for subway as this younger group of employees have other priorities such as school/university which can make it difficult when creating the roster for shifts and being unskilled can cause delays in service and not properly organised meals going to the customers. Opportunities – Subway has the opportunity to train their unskilled employees in a way that suits them and is in line with the organisation’s goals. Threats – Subway’s direct competition offer similar workplace conditions and environments which can be a threat to Subway by these companies attracting higher skilled workers in the industry away from Subway. 2. Capital Availability Strengths – As Subway is operated as franchises, the overall company has a large amount of capital coming in from the franchises. Subway (2013) states â€Å"The SUBWAY ® chain’s start up costs are exceptionally low for a franchise of its size and stature. Total investment will depend on many factors, including location, rent, outlet size and equipment†. Weaknesses – There are many economic conditions, such as unemployment that contribute to weaknesses concerning Subway’s capital. Combine these economic issues with poor marketing strategies and it can affect the capital dramatically. For example the new â€Å"$5 Combo Deal† that they are offering, has resulted in a decrease in sales, as the average customer is now spending less money per purchase. Opportunities – Start-up costs of the franchises is low compared to similar organisations, it makes Subway more appealing to potential owners, there for encouraging more people to purchase a Subway franchise which will increase the capital of the overall company. Threats – Economic issues such as the Global Financial Crisis, unemployment and inflation can cause a threat to subway from opening more stores, which in turn affects their available capital. Capabilities: 1. Marketing Strengths – â€Å"Eat Fresh, Live Green† is Subway’s commitment to making a positive impact in all that they do. This is very appealing to consumers, as Subway’s beliefs and values are in line with theirs. Subway restaurants are also navigating the world of online social media to bring their message closer to consumers. Subway is experienced in international marketing. Weaknesses – Subway restaurants lack the interior design and quality that would welcome everyone to stay and feel more comfortable than in the competitor’s restaurants Opportunities – Subway employs superior marketing techniques and promotional strategies to attract and grow their customer base. The most successful Subway’s promotional offer was to offer footlongs for only $5. Threats – Subway runs the risk of decreasing their client base if they fail to meet consumers’ wants and needs if continuous innovation and new processes are not being developed and used. 2. Production Strengths – Restaurants are clean and maintained. Preparation goes into getting the food ready to be served so quickly before, after and during store hours – veggies need to be washed, diced, sliced and stored. All of this preparation contributes to the productivity of the store. Without these steps, the restaurant would not run efficiently. Weaknesses – Old equipment that is no longer working at its best and staff not being available to work can be weaknesses in the production process. Opportunities – Focusing their sustainability initiatives on energy efficiency, water & resource conservation, waste reduction, sustainable sourcing and supply chain management. Threats – Equipment failure and power outages are a huge threat to Subway concerning production. If either of these occur the Subway store would not be able to operate or produce any products. 3. Research and Development Strengths – Develops and test markets the food that they serve, making sure it is of high standards and quality. Weaknesses – The markets are constantly changing and they cannot always source produce from the same suppliers. Research needs to be done constantly and they do not always have the resources to do so, Opportunities – Do customer surveys in different demographic areas to provide what those areas are in demand for. Threats – Data recorded may be incorrect depending on what type of information they require and can come from unreliable sources. 4. Financial Management Strengths – Subway’s finance team is responsible for tracking, organizing and reporting on all financial activities and storing this data for future reference. This data can help them find better ways of financially running the organisation. Weaknesses – Variables in costs for produce depending on time of year and certain promotions. Variables in labour as employees come and go, more staff required for busy times of the year (holidays). Opportunities – With the support they provide and the low start-up costs they offer with their franchises, they can attract more buyers and expand the Subway chain even further. Threats – Price fluctuations, for example oil, can dramatically threaten Subway’s financials as consumers will have lower disposable incomes which will stop them from freely spending their money. 5. Information Systems Strengths – Subway has a loyalty card system which they use to gather information on their customers. Each card has a unique 16-digit identification number. The card enables Subway to collect data on its customers from its point-of-sale (POS) terminals to its CRM applications. Weaknesses – The first loyalty card they developed was easily copied. Opportunities – To introduce this card throughout all Subway stores so they can collect a larger amount of data for their information system. Threats – Without security measures in place with their loyalty cards people could produce fraudulent cards to receive rewards from the company. External Environment Customers Strengths – Subway already has a strong client base because of their fresh and more nutritious products. These factors appeal to the customers. Weaknesses – Customers do not always feel like healthy options and on occasions want a greasy alternative that Subway does not provide. Opportunities – Subway provides customers with the opportunity to provide feedback on their products and service. By doing this the customers have the opportunity to influence Subway’s decisions with how to do things better and to discover what products sell the best and what the customers like about the service they receive. Threats – Poor customer service is a major threat to any business that deals with customers. Subway, without its customers, would not be able to operate. Another threat is if negative feedback from customers is spread around then this could potentially stop customers from returning Suppliers Strengths – Subway sources as much produce as possible locally. They try to support their locally communities as much as possible. They source this produce from suppliers that share their commitment to social responsibility and sustainability. Weaknesses – Some suppliers can be unreliable and not provide stock when ordered. Opportunities – There are more opportunities to source more locally grown products and help support local businesses grow and stay in the market. Threats – The supplier may not have enough produce/stock to provide Subway at certain times and the supplier may think that the price they are receiving for their products is too low, causing them to refuse supply. Competitors Strengths – Largest fast food restaurant chain in the world by the number of outlets. Currently the Subway operates over 38,181 restaurants in 99 countries, more than McDonald’s or any other fast food chain operator. Weaknesses – Majority of Subway’s competitors offer cheaper meals than what Subway can, based on the price they purchase their products at. Opportunities – Subway has many competitors, so they need to stay innovative and keep their products on top of the others that are available. They have the opportunity to promote their products as healthy options and deep-fryer free compared to their competitors to encourage more sales. Threats – McDonald’s, Hungry Jacks and KFC are some of subways main competitors. These competitors all offer family meal deals and cheap snack sizes on their menu’s which makes them more appealing to consumers. Pressure Groups Strengths – Subway takes input from pressure groups and community members so they can improve the operations, products and service. Weaknesses – Subway cannot rely on the information that pressure groups provide them with as it does not always represent the majority. Opportunities – Pressure groups can be a huge opportunity for Subway to listen to their opinions and issues with the organisation and how the pressure groups think Subway can resolve these issues and develop their company to be more socially responsible. Threats – Pressure groups however can be a threat as they don’t always have the majorities input on these issues and are misrepresenting the whole community when the push their ideas and beliefs on Subway which can make other customers stop returning to purchase goods from them. Economic Strengths – Subway opens stores when the economy is doing well. By doing this they establish their presence in the demographic and build up a good amount of returning consumers. Weaknesses – Subway needs to have a contingency plan in place for when the economy in their area decreases. If they do not, potentially they will reduce in the amounts of sale because they cannot control consumers disposable incomes. Opportunities – When the economy is strong, consumers have higher disposable incomes. This give Subway the opportunity to slightly increase prices and promote their products more as consumers are more willing to spend money. Threats – Not all geographic areas have the same amount of disposable income and Subway needs to take this into consideration. In these areas Subway may need to offer special promotions or lower their prices to cater for this otherwise they will lose sales. Political Strengths – Subway follows and adheres to government legislation including the Fair Trading Act and policies relating to environmental conservation. Weaknesses – Each state has different standards and restrictions in place which means not every Subway store can fully operate the same. Opportunities – With these policies, it creates a safer work environment at Subway and helps them become innovative on how they can reduce their environmental footprint. Threats – If Subway does not follow these regulations on how they operate, produce and promote their products they can be fined hefty amounts of money or even closed down. Technological Strengths – As a global brand, Subway continues to make strides in sustainable packaging, and waste management as well as look for more efficient equipment and operational practices Weaknesses – Not all technology is good just because it is new. Subway needs to research thoroughly before investing in new technology to make sure that it operates with their commitments to a cleaner, healthier environment. Opportunities – To obtain newer technology and apply it in aspects of their business would be a big opportunity for Subway. Threats – Some local markets may not be ready for new technologies and don’t have a full understanding of how they work, therefore consumers not trusting or believing in the new technologies. Natural Environment Strengths – An organization cannot survive without the support of its environment. Subway takes in resources such as labor, money, and raw materials from outside its boundaries in the natural environment. Weaknesses – Subway cannot control the climate or the weather in the areas that have stores operating in. Opportunities – There are opportunities that arise depending on the weather. In the hotter season Subway can promote their salads more for a meal that is more refreshing in the heat. In the cooler seasons they should promote there â€Å"subs† toasted for something to warm the belly. Threats – Depending on locations some areas may experience unpredictable natural events like cyclones or tornados. These can cause a dramatic threat to Subway stores in areas where events like this occur as there can be damage to roads and buildings, no electricity and no stock or fresh produce from suppliers. Emerging Trends Strengths – Subway franchises are involved with the communities surrounding them so they are always aware of the current and emerging trends happening in their locations. Weaknesses – Subway cannot follow all emerging trends as there are too many and it would be too costly for them to do so. Opportunities – To expand their online ordering (catering for meetings/offices) to be made available for individuals to order and then pick it up, or start a delivery service. Threats – Often trends don’t last for long periods of time, making it costly for Subway. Conclusion As you can see from the above analysis, there are many different factors, both internal and external, that effect the organisation, Subway. There are many internal and external forces that Subway needs to consider and stay on top of so they do not fail. References MindTools. com, (2013). SWOT Analysis. Retrieved on 11 September 2013 from http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_05. htm#sthash. 86tx07Tn. dpuf SUBWAY (2013). Corporate Opportunities. Retrieved on 13 September 2013 from http://www. subway. com. au/info/franchise_information/corporate_opportunities/ Unknown Publisher, (2012). Evaluating the External Environment. Retrieved on 13 September 2013 from http://2012books. lardbucket. org/books/strategic-management-evaluation-and-execution/s07-evaluating-the-external-enviro. html

Theoretical Position

Theoretical Position Learning Team B PSY/310 Sharon Cohen February 18, 2013 To learn more about the field of psychology it is first important for us to know more about psychology’s past, the psychologist who advanced this field of study and the theories that we are still building on or learning from to this day. Four men who made a great impact on the field of psychology, who may have worked together, and who may have even had drastically different theoretical positions are Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James. In the following paper we will discuss these men and their passions as well as their differences.Psychoanalysis was the theoretical position that Sigmund Freud built and spent most of his life adding to. Psychoanalysis is a way to investigate the mind, especially of the unconscious mind; a therapy of neurosis inspired from the above method; a new stand-alone discipline who is based on the knowledge acquired from applying the investigation method and clinical experiences (freudfile, 2002-2013). Freud is the psychologist who we have to thank for most people believing therapy involves laying on a couch because during free association that is what Freud asked his patients to do, relax, and start talking (Goodwin, 2008).Freud was not the first to speak of the unconscious mind, but he is believed to be the one who made it famous. Freud, who is known for dream analysis and metapsychology, is also responsible for the ego, the id, and the superego. The ego, Freud believed, was conscious and unconscious lying in the center of our personality trying to maintain balance between the id and the superego (Goodwin, 2008). The id is our basic instincts, sex and aggression, whereas the superego would be considered our moral compass, both fight for what they need and contend with reality (Goodwin, 2008).The id is made up of sex and aggression because these two instincts do make up much of our lives and Freud devoted most of his life to exploring this. Sigmund Freud’s perspective concerning the causes and nature of human psychological functioning can be summed up in those two words: sex and aggression. Though most of Freud’s work has been disproven or scarred by the Freudian myths that surround him and his work, it is hard to not admire the advancements that have been made because of him.Even when his work was proven false, it meant that psychologists were examining his theories and possibly forming new theories of their own that will advance us even further into the future of psychology. Freud's years of work put a new way of thinking into the head of society, and challenged the assumptions and suppositions of a changing world (Stevenson, 1998). Carl Gustav Jung made major contributions toward psychoanalysis, but it was not until after he abandoned Freud and psychosexuality that Jung would do his most revolutionary, controversial, and extraordinary work (www. nfoplease. com ). Jung was a creator of modern psy chology, which explains how the human mind facilitates conversations between unconscious types of energies that move within the inside of all of us. The Jungian theory is based on two separate dimensions of human unconsciousness with just one persona, and one archetype of collective human unconsciousness (www. cgjungpage. org, 02/16/13). Personal unconsciousness is any forgotten or repressed type of content that has actually been in a person’s material or mental life.Archetypes of material in the unconsciousness humans have are described as being patterns, symbols, and specific images in which a person can see in their fantasies and dreams that also can appear to them as a theme of a certain religion or mythology in our unconscious (www. psychological-musings. blogspot. com, 02/28/11). The archetypes of images in the unconscious, Jung theorized, mold the human unconscious personality, and this bond together with certain instincts to drive the human psyche.Jung described the h uman consciousness molds the ego according to Jung, the ego was developed in a person because of certain human responses to their environment but also because of a need to adapt to all demands that are formed in the world that surrounds them (www. cgjungpage. org , 02/16/13). Jung described archetypal images as being the transcendent, and described this as being the transcendent function, but he also viewed one’s own wholeness of their self as a type of union together with all immanent plus transcendent types of objects (www. infoplease. com).Jung also included that there is a need for humans to have internal feelings of harmony or a need to adapt internally by homeostasis within the human consciousness and unconsciousness. The unconscious human mind is what contains the specific materials which are needed or are necessary but could prerequisite the persons psychological health, and the conscious human mind will be what assesses both a primitive/spiritual but also a demonic/d ivine type of nature. There are tensions towards a person’s needs to obtain fulfillment but also the need to have social types of conformity plus cultural types of realities (www. gjungpage. org, 02/16/13). In this theory Jung acknowledged that one must, or has to adapt to their own persona so that they can be able to relate to others socially, but he wrote that there is a danger in which a person could become too identified with their own persona but not with their own individual self. Only a complete individual can truly find the meaning in their life, since consciousness will lead to the dissociation from human unconsciousness and this will absorb into the human mass mind (www. psychological-musings. blogspot. com 2011/02).To actually achieve the individuation type processes it will require the use of certain symbols as the vehicle in which there is an irrational type of union between opposite regions of human’s consciousness and unconsciousness (www. infoplease. co m). In analytical psychology, Jung attempted to combine parts of modern psychology with ancient types of religious imagery by using a symbolic form of reinterpreting the Christian but also other types of religious traditions people may have. This eliminates the dogma but maintains archetypal formed materials that are derived from the human collective unconsciousness.These specific symbols of transcendence are what will facilitate the individuals synthesis of human consciousness and unconsciousness but will also provide a base for the persons’ spiritual meaning to life (www. psychological-musings. blogspot. com, 02/28/11). Alfred Adler examined personality around the same time as Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. Adler had many different theories of the personality but what he truly stuck with was that a single drive or motivating force behind our behavior, claiming that the desire we have to fulfill our potentials becomes closer and closer to our ideals.Adler called this theory th e Individual Psychology because he thought that each person was unique and that no one person were the same in that sense. Adler’s theory included these four aspects: the development of personality, striving towards superiority, psychological health, and the unity of personality. While Alfred was studying personality he came up with the term inferiority complex, this is described as feelings of lack of worth. Alfred wrote, â€Å"We all wish to overcome difficulties. We all strive to reach a goal by the attainment of which we shall feel strong, superior, and complete† (www. ndb. com). Along with inferiority complex, there was also the superiority complex where a person tried to conquer their inferiority complex by suppressing their existing feelings. Alfred believed that each person was trying to get over their feelings of inferiority in order to obtain the superiority. Alfred also came up with that each person claimed that they had an idea of what their perfect self wo uld be like. He names this image the fictional finalism. Fictional finalism applies clearer direction to decisions that are to be made concerning oneself.Adler also believed that the unconscious and conscious worked in union with on another towards fictional finalism (www. muskingum. edu). Adler who was not very big in grouping people into categories came up with four main types of people; three out of four are negative. There is the ruling type, who likes to control people, the getting type who is passive and goes along with everyone else’s’ ideas, and not very inventive for themselves, the avoiding type who will isolate themselves in order to avoid defeat, and last but not least, the socially useful type, values having control over their lives and strive to go things for the sake of society.From reading those four types I have a pretty good guess that the first three were negative, and the last one was a positive type. William James is known as the founder of America n Psychology, but if you ever brought this up to him he would pass on it and say that Dewey was the actual founder of American Psychology. None the less he was one of the most prominent American Psychologist in American history. He was a functionalist. His technique was to ask the very important question of â€Å"why† things are the way they are. His course of study was also to find out why a person was the way they were based on their environment.James (reprint edition 1950) stated â€Å"The phenomena are such things as we call Feelings, desire, cognitions, reasoning, decisions, and the like; and, such superficially considered, their variety and complexity is such as to leave a chaotic impression on the observer† (p 2). These are the very words from William James book The Principals of Psychology. Today’s psychologists would probably not refer to these emotions as a phenomenon. Nor would today’s psychologists refer to one’s feelings as superficial . William James is described as what is known as a functionalist. Functionalists want to know â€Å"Why† why people are the way they are.While most psychologists were interested in what was going on inside a person’s mind, Mr. James was looking outside a person’s mind, taking a look at a person’s environment. This was a unique strategy for its time. What I found interesting, while reading his studies, was that he referred to our memories as being â€Å"god given† for a psychologist to think in these terms there had to be a sort of open mindedness. At the same time though, there seemed to be a sense of individualism. He was the only one thinking this way. This, to me, was actually common within all psychologists.It seems that they all thought they were the only ones thinking in these terms at that time. Mr. James also believes that just because we are aware of a situation, doesn’t necessarily mean we will remember everything that is tied to i t. He believes that we must live through and actually witness or take part in an event to actually have a memory of it. Once again, this goes back to one’s environment. What is the person surrounded by. References: (2002-2013) http://www. freudfile. org/psychoanalysis/definition. html Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. (David B. Stevenson, 1998) http://www. ictorianweb. org/science/freud/biography. html http://www. infoplease. com/encyclopedia/people/jung-carl-gustav. html (02/16/13),http://www. cgjungpage. org/index. php? option=com_content;task=view;id=743;Itemid=54 (02/28/11), http://psychological-musings. blogspot. com/2011/02/theoretical-positions-of-freud-jung. html Fisher, M. (2011, May). Alfred Adler. Retrieved from: www. muskingum. edu Alfred Adler. (2012). retrieved from: www. nndb. com Who Was Alfred Adler? (2008). retrieved from: www. alfredadler. org James, William Principles of Psychology The scope of psychology Reprint Edition (June 1st, 1950) Dover Publications Theoretical Position Theoretical Position Learning Team B PSY/310 Sharon Cohen February 18, 2013 To learn more about the field of psychology it is first important for us to know more about psychology’s past, the psychologist who advanced this field of study and the theories that we are still building on or learning from to this day. Four men who made a great impact on the field of psychology, who may have worked together, and who may have even had drastically different theoretical positions are Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James. In the following paper we will discuss these men and their passions as well as their differences.Psychoanalysis was the theoretical position that Sigmund Freud built and spent most of his life adding to. Psychoanalysis is a way to investigate the mind, especially of the unconscious mind; a therapy of neurosis inspired from the above method; a new stand-alone discipline who is based on the knowledge acquired from applying the investigation method and clinical experiences (freudfile, 2002-2013). Freud is the psychologist who we have to thank for most people believing therapy involves laying on a couch because during free association that is what Freud asked his patients to do, relax, and start talking (Goodwin, 2008).Freud was not the first to speak of the unconscious mind, but he is believed to be the one who made it famous. Freud, who is known for dream analysis and metapsychology, is also responsible for the ego, the id, and the superego. The ego, Freud believed, was conscious and unconscious lying in the center of our personality trying to maintain balance between the id and the superego (Goodwin, 2008). The id is our basic instincts, sex and aggression, whereas the superego would be considered our moral compass, both fight for what they need and contend with reality (Goodwin, 2008).The id is made up of sex and aggression because these two instincts do make up much of our lives and Freud devoted most of his life to exploring this. Sigmund Freud’s perspective concerning the causes and nature of human psychological functioning can be summed up in those two words: sex and aggression. Though most of Freud’s work has been disproven or scarred by the Freudian myths that surround him and his work, it is hard to not admire the advancements that have been made because of him.Even when his work was proven false, it meant that psychologists were examining his theories and possibly forming new theories of their own that will advance us even further into the future of psychology. Freud's years of work put a new way of thinking into the head of society, and challenged the assumptions and suppositions of a changing world (Stevenson, 1998). Carl Gustav Jung made major contributions toward psychoanalysis, but it was not until after he abandoned Freud and psychosexuality that Jung would do his most revolutionary, controversial, and extraordinary work (www. nfoplease. com ). Jung was a creator of modern psy chology, which explains how the human mind facilitates conversations between unconscious types of energies that move within the inside of all of us. The Jungian theory is based on two separate dimensions of human unconsciousness with just one persona, and one archetype of collective human unconsciousness (www. cgjungpage. org, 02/16/13). Personal unconsciousness is any forgotten or repressed type of content that has actually been in a person’s material or mental life.Archetypes of material in the unconsciousness humans have are described as being patterns, symbols, and specific images in which a person can see in their fantasies and dreams that also can appear to them as a theme of a certain religion or mythology in our unconscious (www. psychological-musings. blogspot. com, 02/28/11). The archetypes of images in the unconscious, Jung theorized, mold the human unconscious personality, and this bond together with certain instincts to drive the human psyche.Jung described the h uman consciousness molds the ego according to Jung, the ego was developed in a person because of certain human responses to their environment but also because of a need to adapt to all demands that are formed in the world that surrounds them (www. cgjungpage. org , 02/16/13). Jung described archetypal images as being the transcendent, and described this as being the transcendent function, but he also viewed one’s own wholeness of their self as a type of union together with all immanent plus transcendent types of objects (www. infoplease. com).Jung also included that there is a need for humans to have internal feelings of harmony or a need to adapt internally by homeostasis within the human consciousness and unconsciousness. The unconscious human mind is what contains the specific materials which are needed or are necessary but could prerequisite the persons psychological health, and the conscious human mind will be what assesses both a primitive/spiritual but also a demonic/d ivine type of nature. There are tensions towards a person’s needs to obtain fulfillment but also the need to have social types of conformity plus cultural types of realities (www. gjungpage. org, 02/16/13). In this theory Jung acknowledged that one must, or has to adapt to their own persona so that they can be able to relate to others socially, but he wrote that there is a danger in which a person could become too identified with their own persona but not with their own individual self. Only a complete individual can truly find the meaning in their life, since consciousness will lead to the dissociation from human unconsciousness and this will absorb into the human mass mind (www. psychological-musings. blogspot. com 2011/02).To actually achieve the individuation type processes it will require the use of certain symbols as the vehicle in which there is an irrational type of union between opposite regions of human’s consciousness and unconsciousness (www. infoplease. co m). In analytical psychology, Jung attempted to combine parts of modern psychology with ancient types of religious imagery by using a symbolic form of reinterpreting the Christian but also other types of religious traditions people may have. This eliminates the dogma but maintains archetypal formed materials that are derived from the human collective unconsciousness.These specific symbols of transcendence are what will facilitate the individuals synthesis of human consciousness and unconsciousness but will also provide a base for the persons’ spiritual meaning to life (www. psychological-musings. blogspot. com, 02/28/11). Alfred Adler examined personality around the same time as Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud. Adler had many different theories of the personality but what he truly stuck with was that a single drive or motivating force behind our behavior, claiming that the desire we have to fulfill our potentials becomes closer and closer to our ideals.Adler called this theory th e Individual Psychology because he thought that each person was unique and that no one person were the same in that sense. Adler’s theory included these four aspects: the development of personality, striving towards superiority, psychological health, and the unity of personality. While Alfred was studying personality he came up with the term inferiority complex, this is described as feelings of lack of worth. Alfred wrote, â€Å"We all wish to overcome difficulties. We all strive to reach a goal by the attainment of which we shall feel strong, superior, and complete† (www. ndb. com). Along with inferiority complex, there was also the superiority complex where a person tried to conquer their inferiority complex by suppressing their existing feelings. Alfred believed that each person was trying to get over their feelings of inferiority in order to obtain the superiority. Alfred also came up with that each person claimed that they had an idea of what their perfect self wo uld be like. He names this image the fictional finalism. Fictional finalism applies clearer direction to decisions that are to be made concerning oneself.Adler also believed that the unconscious and conscious worked in union with on another towards fictional finalism (www. muskingum. edu). Adler who was not very big in grouping people into categories came up with four main types of people; three out of four are negative. There is the ruling type, who likes to control people, the getting type who is passive and goes along with everyone else’s’ ideas, and not very inventive for themselves, the avoiding type who will isolate themselves in order to avoid defeat, and last but not least, the socially useful type, values having control over their lives and strive to go things for the sake of society.From reading those four types I have a pretty good guess that the first three were negative, and the last one was a positive type. William James is known as the founder of America n Psychology, but if you ever brought this up to him he would pass on it and say that Dewey was the actual founder of American Psychology. None the less he was one of the most prominent American Psychologist in American history. He was a functionalist. His technique was to ask the very important question of â€Å"why† things are the way they are. His course of study was also to find out why a person was the way they were based on their environment.James (reprint edition 1950) stated â€Å"The phenomena are such things as we call Feelings, desire, cognitions, reasoning, decisions, and the like; and, such superficially considered, their variety and complexity is such as to leave a chaotic impression on the observer† (p 2). These are the very words from William James book The Principals of Psychology. Today’s psychologists would probably not refer to these emotions as a phenomenon. Nor would today’s psychologists refer to one’s feelings as superficial . William James is described as what is known as a functionalist. Functionalists want to know â€Å"Why† why people are the way they are.While most psychologists were interested in what was going on inside a person’s mind, Mr. James was looking outside a person’s mind, taking a look at a person’s environment. This was a unique strategy for its time. What I found interesting, while reading his studies, was that he referred to our memories as being â€Å"god given† for a psychologist to think in these terms there had to be a sort of open mindedness. At the same time though, there seemed to be a sense of individualism. He was the only one thinking this way. This, to me, was actually common within all psychologists.It seems that they all thought they were the only ones thinking in these terms at that time. Mr. James also believes that just because we are aware of a situation, doesn’t necessarily mean we will remember everything that is tied to i t. He believes that we must live through and actually witness or take part in an event to actually have a memory of it. Once again, this goes back to one’s environment. What is the person surrounded by. References: (2002-2013) http://www. freudfile. org/psychoanalysis/definition. html Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. (David B. Stevenson, 1998) http://www. ictorianweb. org/science/freud/biography. html http://www. infoplease. com/encyclopedia/people/jung-carl-gustav. html (02/16/13),http://www. cgjungpage. org/index. php? option=com_content;task=view;id=743;Itemid=54 (02/28/11), http://psychological-musings. blogspot. com/2011/02/theoretical-positions-of-freud-jung. html Fisher, M. (2011, May). Alfred Adler. Retrieved from: www. muskingum. edu Alfred Adler. (2012). retrieved from: www. nndb. com Who Was Alfred Adler? (2008). retrieved from: www. alfredadler. org James, William Principles of Psychology The scope of psychology Reprint Edition (June 1st, 1950) Dover Publications

Thoreau essays

Thoreau essays Thoreau thinks a democracy may not be the last improvement to government. There will never be a free state until the people are considered to be a higher authority. Everyone must also treat each individual as they would their neighbor. Each person should treat everyone equally in order to take a step toward a better government. This is what the people believe in and this is what theyre fighting for. The people have to take a stand and make a difference. Thoreau thinks if this happens it will create the perfect state. If there is an unjust law, Thoreau suggests that the people should stand up for themselves and not obey it. This is the only way to make a difference. Thoreau thinks it should be a peoples government. There is no better way to express your feelings about an unjust law then to break one. If everyone follows the rule then that means the public accepts it. Breaking the unjust laws is the quickest way to make a difference in the government. If the people dont make a stand against the government then the government will never have any respect for the people and take advantage of them. Use the government to your advantage. Thoreau states that he is really at war with the government, but he will also benefit from it as well. Thoreau always paid his highway taxes and supported school. He demonstrates that people should pay the taxes and follow the laws that they believe in. He doesnt say that you should totally break the law, he just suggest that the people should do and act in what they believe in. One of Thoreaus main objections is the slavery act. Thoreau focuses on an end of slavery. He took a stand to slavery at a time when there werent a large number of white men who opposed it. He opposed slavery enough to where he helped slaves cross the border into Mexico. Thoreau also had to stay the night in...

Como borrar record criminal y consecuencias migratorias

Como borrar record criminal y consecuencias migratorias Es posible borrar o sellar el rà ©cord penal de una persona en Estados Unidos si se cumplen una serie de requisitos.   En este artà ­culo se explica en quà © consiste el borrado del rà ©cord penal, que se conoce en inglà ©s como expungement o sealing, cules son los requisitos bsicos, cà ³mo se solicita y cules son los efectos, incluidas las consecuencias migratorias  de limpiar los antecedentes penales. Quà © es el borrado del rà ©cord penal en Estados Unidos Como regla general, el borrado del rà ©cord penal es el equivalente a su desaparicià ³n, es decir, como si nunca hubiera existido. Es decir, si se obtiene se comunicar a la policà ­a y otra autoridades que se debe sellar este rà ©cord y nadie puede tener acceso al mismo. Sin embargo, es fundamental destacar que en este punto cada estado que compone los Estados Unidos sigue sus propias leyes y en algunos de ellos siempre queda constancia del rà ©cord. Es decir, el rà ©cord no desaparece. Lo que pasa es que sà ³lo se tiene en cuenta si la persona a la que se le borrà ³ el rà ©cord vuelve a tener otro problema con la ley. Por ejemplo, los jueces o las prisiones pueden tener esa informacià ³n. No debe confundirse la eliminacià ³n del rà ©cord (expungement o sealing) con un perdà ³n penal (pardon), que solo puede ser acordado por el Presidente de Estados Unidos, el gobernador o un Consejo especial de Perdones. En este à ºltimo caso sà ­ que hay rà ©cord, pero no se le tiene en cuenta. Sin embargo, en el caso del expungement, es como si no lo hubiera habido nunca.   Por otro lado, en los casos en los que una persona ha sido acusada de una felonà ­a o falta pero se la ha declarado inocente es posible solicitar un Certificado de Inocencia (Certificate of Actual Innocence, en inglà ©s). Requisitos para solicitar el borrado o eliminacià ³n del rà ©cord penal Cada estado regula sus propios requisitos, por lo que hay que verificar la ley del estado en el que tuvo lugar el enjuiciamiento y procesamiento del delito. Pero por regla general, se puede decir que son elementos a favor de que pudiera darse un borrado del rà ©cord cuando se dan 1 o varios de  los siguientes elementos: Si la persona era menor de 18 aà ±os en el momento de cometer el delito o falta.Si ya ha pasado mucho tiempo entre la comisià ³n del delito o falta y el momento de solicitud de borrado del rà ©cord.Si el delito o falta no es considerado como grave.Si la persona que cometià ³ del delito o falta tiene, quitando esa mancha, un rà ©cord absolutamente limpio. Por el contrario, con carcter general puede decirse que no ser posible solicitar un borrado del rà ©cord cuando se dan cualquiera de las siguientes situaciones: La và ­ctima del delito o falta sea un menor de 18 aà ±os AsesinatoViolacià ³n o asalto sexualCiertos delitos que involucren armasObscenidades o pornografà ­a cuando intervienen menores. En este punto es interesante conocer la edad de consentimiento sexual en cada estado, porque relaciones à ­ntimas consentidas entre novios puede dar lugar a que exista delito.Y otros delitos o faltas que fijen las leyes del estado Cà ³mo se solicita sellar o eliminar un rà ©cord penal Sà ³lo un juez de corte civil puede sentenciar que un rà ©cord queda sellado, por lo que hay que iniciar un procedimiento ante dicha corte. Como regla general, no se necesita abogado para esta peticià ³n. Verificar las circunstancias de cada estado. Ventajas de borrar el rà ©cord criminal Existen poderosas razones por las que una persona puede desear eliminar su rà ©cord penal. Por ejemplo, es comà ºn en los Estados Unidos que se pregunte por historial delictivo en los formularios de aplicacià ³n para trabajos o incluso para rentar vivienda. Una respuesta en afirmativo puede resultar que no se obtiene el trabajo deseado o no se puede vivir en el lugar elegido. Sin embargo, si se ha obtenido el sellado del problema penal, se puede contestar sin mentir que no se tiene rà ©cord delictivo. Borrado de rà ©cord y su relacià ³n con Inmigracià ³n A diferencia de lo que aplica en solicitudes de trabajo o de alquiler de apartamentos o casas, en asuntos de inmigracià ³n el expungement no aplica. Esto es asà ­ desde 1999 por una decisià ³n del Board of Appeals (BIA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) que se conoce como Matter of Roldan. En esa sentencia se decidià ³ que los rà ©cord penales borrados siguen existiendo para Inmigracià ³n. Y esto es importante porque en los formularios migratorios o incluso de visas no inmigrante frecuentemente se pregunta si en el pasado el solicitante de un beneficio migratorio ha sido detenido o arrestado, si ha sido juzgado, si ha sido condenado y si ha cumplido pena de prisià ³n. Existe la obligacià ³n legal de decir la verdad en todos  los formularios de Inmigracià ³n y en las entrevistas con agentes migratorios se est obligado a decir la verdad. Y si se tuvo rà ©cord criminal hay que contestar afirmativamente, aunque à ©ste haya sido sellado. Mentir puede dar lugar a una condena por fraude (misrepresentation).Y esto aplica tanto a delitos o faltas cometidos en Estados Unidos como en otro paà ­s. Por lo tanto, en estos casos lo recomendable es asesorarse con un abogado migratorio, si es posible antes de pedir el borrado del rà ©cord. Y tambià ©n guardar una copia de todos los papeles del problema penal cuyo rà ©cord se borra, desde el arresto a la condena, si la hubo. Pueden ser necesarios en los casos en los que la carga de prueba de que se reà ºnen todos los requisitos para un beneficio migratorio recae en el solicitante. Por otro lado, hay que tener en cuenta que los delitos y las faltas pueden ser causa de inadmisibilidad, esto es, razà ³n para que se niegue una visa no inmigrante o una visa inmigrante u otros beneficios migratorios, como por ejemplo un ajuste de estatus, la adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n, la aprobacià ³n del estatus de asilado, etc. Asimismo, pueden ser causa de deportacià ³n, incluso para residentes permanentes legales. Por  todo ello, si se tiene un rà ©cord es conveniente asesorarse sobre si influye en lo que se quiere pedir, ya que no todos los delitos o faltas son iguales ni las circunstancias de cada uno ni lo que se pide ni provocan la mismas consecuencias. Y tener en cuenta que en muchos casos en los que los delitos o faltas son causas de inadmisibiliadd para negar la visa o un beneficio migratorio es posible pedir un waiver, tambià ©n conocido como perdà ³n o permiso. Finalmente, destacar que sà ³lo es posible solicitar la eliminacià ³n del un rà ©cord penal, si se dan todos los requisitos legales. Pero nunca es posible solicitar el borrado del rà ©cord migratorio. Ese siempre est disponible para las autoridades y las personas interesadas pueden solicitar una copia del mismo. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Research - Essay Example hat, in situations where there is the need to optimize the use of resources especially in the low income countries, there is a tendency to scale down the local strategies for quality to enable the practitioner and the constrained health providers to serve a larger population. The growth of the health sector has thus concentrated on geographical coverage and based more of their services to providing universal health at the expense of the quality. Most of the resources are focused to expansion leaving loopholes for inefficiencies and incompetence if not unprofessionalism. According to the article by the world health organization, there is a need to address the health issue from a systems perspective (World Health Organization, 3). For this research proposal, I will review previous data on the topic and develop the various problems encountered in health care, examine them in the light of the efforts to mitigate them and come up with a plan to work out the inefficiencies and ensure there is an optimal allocation of resources and optimal gains, as a result. When we look at health care in an economic perspective, health care involves the provision of services and the receipt of payment for the services (Lebrun-Harris, Lydie A., et al., 44). However, the rate with which an individual seeks health care largely depends on his/her resource endowments especially in cases where they are not covered by insurance cover and have to pay through an out-of –pocket basis. Access to health care is thus limited by the constrained resources. However, healthcare in the modern day has become more of an enterprise, and the providers are aiming at expanding more and reaping more profits for their services. This has led to the use of incompetent personnel in place of doctors, the use of low quality alternative medicine, application of procedures that undermine the patients’ health status, for better monetary rewards; among them carrying out a caesarian section where the patient can have